Gramatika ~59 min jezgre preostalo

Objasniti odluku

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu objasniti zašto sam nešto učinio i priznati prigovor, a da ne odustanem od svojega.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 59 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

18 min

Objasniti odluku znači odgovoriti na tri pitanja: s kojim ciljem (namjera), zašto (uzrok) i „da, ali…“ (dopuštanje: priznati ono što je smetalo i ipak ostati pri svojem). Dio riječi već znaš: to + glagol u značenju „da bi“ (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Sad dolazi cijeli skup.

Glavno je pravilo lekcije jedno: iza nekih riječi dolazi cijela rečenica — sa subjektom i glagolom, a iza drugih samo imenica ili oblik na -ing. Gotovo sve pogreške ovdje nastaju zato što se riječ iz jednog stupca upotrijebi kao riječ iz drugoga.

+ rečenica + imenica ili -ing
namjera so that — (s glagolom: to, in order to)
uzrok because, as, since because of
dopuštanje although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Namjera — s kojim ciljem.

to + glagol — najčešći način: I came in early to finish the report. — „Došao sam ranije da završim izvještaj“.

in order to — isto, samo službenije; tako se piše u pismima i obavijestima: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Nijekanje — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + rečenica potreban je kad namjera ima svoj subjekt: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — otišao sam ja, a ući treba ona. to ovdje ne odgovara: rekao bi da sam ući namjeravao ja sam. U dijelu sa so that obično stoji modalni glagol: o sadašnjosti i budućnosti — can, will ili samo sadašnje vrijeme, o prošlosti — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Zapisujem da ne zaboravim.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Zapisao sam da ne zaboravim.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Govorite glasnije da vas svi čuju.

U razgovoru se that često izostavlja: I left the key so she could get in.

for + imenica — također namjera, ali s predmetom, a ne s radnjom: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Ispred glagola for se ne stavlja: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Ne brkaj so that i so … that. U B1 #30 bilo je so … that — „tako…, da“: posljedica. Ovdje je so that — „da bi“: namjera. Razlikuju se po tome stoji li neka riječ između so i that:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Otišao sam rano da stignem na vlak. — namjera
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Otišao sam tako rano da sam stigao na raniji vlak. — posljedica

Uzrok — zašto.

because + rečenica: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + imenica: We took a taxi because of the rain. Smisao je isti, a oblik nastavka različit.

as i since + rečenica — također „budući da, pošto“. Uzimaju se kad je uzrok poznat obojici ili očit, i obično stoje na početku: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? To zvuči malo knjiškije od because. since znaš iz A2 #5 kao „otkad“; razlikuje ih glagolsko vrijeme: I've lived here since I was ten — vrijeme, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — uzrok.

U razgovoru se na pitanje Why? može odgovoriti samo s Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. U pisanom tekstu rečenica s Because ne stoji zasebno: priključuje se glavnoj.

Dopuštanje — „iako“, „unatoč“. Dopusna rečenica priznaje činjenicu koja govori protiv tebe — i ipak vodi tvojoj odluci. Upravo se tako priznaje prigovor, a da ne odustaneš od svojega.

although + rečenica: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — isto, samo razgovornije. Može stajati i na samom kraju, iza zareza: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Bilo je skupo. Ali ipak smo kupili“.

even though — jače: činjenica je sigurno postojala, i važna je, ali nije spriječila: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Iako se ispričao, nije mu oprostila“.

despite i in spite of + imenica ili -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — bez of, in spite of — s of. Da se priključi cijela rečenica, treba despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „međutim“. To nije veznik: stoji između dviju zasebnih rečenica, i iza njega je zarez: It was raining. However, we went out. Najjednostavniji je način but: It was raining, but we went out.

Jedan veznik za jednu vezu. Hrvatski drugi dio često pojačava: „Iako je padala kiša, ipak smo izašli“, a u govoru se čuje i „iako…, ali…“. Engleski although i but zajedno ne stavlja: ili Although it was raining, we went out, ili It was raining, but we went out.

Kako priznati prigovor. Gotovi izrazi za razgovor:

That's true, but I still think… To je istina, ali i dalje mislim…
I see your point, but… Razumijem što hoćete reći, ali…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Znam da je skupo. Ipak, isplati se.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Iako je skuplje, uštedjet ćemo vrijeme.

on time i in time. Na hrvatskom su oba „na vrijeme“, ali smisao je različit:

The train left on time. točno po voznom redu, bez kašnjenja
We got to the station in time to catch the train. stigli smo: vremena je bilo dovoljno

on time — u dogovoreni trenutak, ne kasnije. in time — dovoljno rano da se nešto stigne: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „taman na vrijeme, u zadnji tren“.

Još primjera:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Učim španjolski da mogu razgovarati sa ženinom obitelji.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Rezervirali smo rano da dobijemo dobru cijenu.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Utakmica je otkazana zbog snijega.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Budući da nismo imali auto, išli smo autobusom.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Unatoč svim teškoćama, projekt je uspio.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Iza in order to dolazi glagol, a ne rečenica.

Provjeri se. Po čemu se I left early so that I could catch the train razlikuje od I left so early that I caught the train? Prepiši s despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time ili in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

prikaži odgovore
prvo je namjera (da stignem na vlak), drugo posljedica (tako rano da sam stigao); Despite being ill, he went to work ili Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

despite + rečenica

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

ili Despite the late hour… Hrvatsko „unatoč tome što je bilo kasno“ prelazi u engleski kao despite + cijela rečenica. U engleskom despite uzima samo imenicu ili -ing; za rečenicu treba although ili dugo despite the fact that.

2

on time umjesto in time

✗ We got there just on time to see the start

✓ just in time

Hrvatsko „na vrijeme“ doslovno je on time, pa se uzima i za „stigli smo“. Ali on time znači „točno po rasporedu“, a „stigli smo, nije bilo kasno“ — in time.

3

for ispred glagola

✗ I went to the shop for buy some bread

✓ I went to the shop to buy some bread

U razgovoru „za“ stoji i ispred glagola („nešto za jesti“), pa se for prenese i u namjeru. Ista pogreška kao u A2 #21: ispred glagola namjeru izriče to.

4

although i but zajedno

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

Govorno „iako…, ali…“ donosi but i u engleski. Na jednu vezu — jedan veznik.

5

because of + rečenica

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

ili because of the bad traffic. „Zbog toga što“ počinje sa „zbog“, pa se ispred rečenice stavi because of. U engleskom because of stoji samo ispred imenice.

Izgovor

4 min

Naglasak u veznicima: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ i despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — na drugom slogu; however /haʊˈevə/ — također na drugom. because se u brzom govoru skraćuje na /bɪˈkəz/ ili čak /kəz/; u pisanom obliku razgovorno 'cos susreće se samo u porukama.

though, through, thought — tri slične riječi koje je lako zamijeniti na sluh:

though /ðəʊ/ — zvučno /ð/, diftong /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — „kroz“, bezvučno /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — „mislio“, bezvučno /θ/

Stanka iza dopusne rečenice nosi smisao. Glas na kraju zavisne rečenice raste, zatim dolazi kratka stanka, a glavni dio zvuči s padom:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However na početku rečenice — zaseban komad sa svojom stankom: However ‖ we went out.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

32 min

1. Umetni

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Prikaži odgovore
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Spoji

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Prikaži odgovore
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Prepiši

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Prikaži odgovore
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Prikaži odgovore
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Došao sam ranije da zauzmem dobra mjesta. 2) Iako je plan skup, mislim da se isplati. 3) Unatoč kašnjenju, stigli smo na vlak. 4) Kad si već slobodan, pomozi mi, molim te. 5) Razumijem što hoćete reći, ali i dalje mislim da je to prava odluka.

Prikaži odgovore
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Odgovori na prigovor,

a da ne odustaneš od svojega: priznaj činjenicu i objasni odluku. Rješenja ispod su uzorak. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Prikaži odgovore
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: namjera s to, in order to, so that i for + imenica; so that nasuprot so … that; uzrok s because, because of, as, since; dopuštanje s although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; izrazi kojima se priznaje prigovor; on time nasuprot in time. Slijedi lekcija 33: navike nekadašnje i sadašnje.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 105

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

16 riječi
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ da bi, kako bi
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ da, kako bi (+ rečenica)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ iako
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ iako, unatoč tome što
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ unatoč
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ unatoč, usprkos
  • however /haʊˈevə/ međutim
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ ipak, svejedno
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ na vrijeme (po rasporedu)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ pouzdan
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ osiguranje
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ kretati se (po gradu)
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ unajmiti
  • van /væn/ kombi
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ vozačka dozvola
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ flaster

Pisanje

Šest-sedam rečenica o odluci koju si nedavno donio: s kojim si ciljem tako učinio, zašto, što je govorilo protiv — i zašto si ipak u pravu.

Uzorak

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

Kontrolna lista

Skica je spremljena na ovom uređaju
Oglas

Vježbajte ovu lekciju u drugim odjeljcima

Diktatna temelju ove lekcije Zapišite što čujete. Provjera pokazuje svaku riječ koja se razlikuje i kako. Pišite diktat Čitanje naglasna temelju ove lekcije Pročitajte tekst lekcije naglas — prepoznavanje govora označit će riječi koje nije uhvatilo. Čitajte tekst naglas Čitanje i slušanjeA1–C1 Tekstovi na svakoj razini s pitanjima za razumijevanje; transkript se otvara nakon odgovora. Probajte

Imate ideju za novu značajku?

Pošalji ideju
Oglas
Oglas