Gramatika ~54 min z jadra zostáva

Odovzdať cudziu radu

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Viem odovzdať nielen slová, ale aj zámer hovoriaceho — radu, odmietnutie, sľub, ponuku.

Začať lekciu Jadro 54 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

15 min

Po B1 #15 vieš prerozprávať akékoľvek slová cez said, told a asked. V živom prerozprávaní však nie sú dôležitejšie slová, ale zámer: človek radil, odmietal, sľuboval, navrhoval. Angličtina odovzdá zámer jedným slovesom. He said, "I'll help you" → He offered to help me. Prerozprávanie je kratšie a hneď je vidieť, prečo to človek povedal.

Tvar: tri modely. Slovesá sa delia na tri skupiny podľa toho, čo za nimi nasleduje. Skupinu si treba zapamätať spolu so slovesom.

Sloveso + koho + to + sloveso. Hovoriaci chce, aby konal iný človek, preto toho človeka treba pomenovať. Zápor — not to.

advise — radiť The doctor advised me to rest.
warn — varovať, upozorniť She warned us not to swim there.
remind — pripomenúť He reminded me to lock the door.
invite — pozvať They invited us to stay for dinner.

Sem patria aj ask a tell z B1 #15: asked me to wait, told us not to be late.

Sloveso + to + sloveso, bez adresáta. Hovoriaci sa do niečoho púšťa sám alebo sám odmieta, preto iného človeka netreba menovať.

offer — ponúknuť (svoju pomoc) He offered to carry my bag.
promise — sľúbiť She promised to call. / She promised not to tell anyone.
refuse — odmietnuť He refused to answer.
agree — súhlasiť They agreed to change the date.

Sloveso + -ing, alebo predložka + -ing. suggest navrhuje nápad pre všetkých naraz a ten, kto má konať, nie je pomenovaný — odtiaľ -ing. Po predložke (for, on) stojí sloveso vždy v tvare na -ing.

suggest — navrhnúť (nápad) She suggested going by train.
apologise for — ospravedlniť sa za He apologised for being late.
thank koho for — poďakovať za She thanked me for helping.
insist on — trvať na He insisted on paying.

suggest má aj druhý variant — s celou vetou: She suggested that we should go by train. Hodí sa, keď treba povedať, komu sa navrhuje.

Čo je jednoduchšie. Po slovesách zámeru netreba posun časov z B1 #15. Tvar to + sloveso ani tvar na -ing nemajú vlastný čas: čas nesie samo sloveso zámeru. Porovnaj: He said he would call me — prerozprávanie slov, s would; He promised to call me — prerozprávanie zámeru, a would už netreba. Prerozprávanie je nielen kratšie, ale aj jednoduchšie.

Niektoré z týchto slovies berú aj celú vetu s that: She promised that she would call, He agreed that the plan was good. Pre zámer však krátky tvar znie prirodzenejšie. V rozprávaní o rozhovore sa slovesá zámeru zvyčajne striedajú so said a told. Ak všetky repliky odovzdáš cez said, rozprávanie znie jednotvárne, a ak všetky cez slovesá zámeru — ako zápisnica zo schôdze.

Kedy ktoré sloveso. Nápoveda je v samotných slovách hovoriaceho:

"You should see a doctor." / "If I were you, I'd…" advise
"I'll help you." / "Shall I carry it?" offer
"I'll do it, I promise." promise
"No, I won't." refuse
"OK, fine." agree
"Let's…" / "Why don't we…?" suggest
"Sorry I'm late." apologise for
"Don't forget to…" remind
"Be careful — don't…" warn
"You'd better…" advise
"You'd better not…" warn

Priama rada: You'd better… Skôr než radu prerozprávaš, treba ju počuť a vedieť ju dať aj sám. Okrem should (A2 #11) a If I were you (B1 #8) má angličtina radu s varovaním: had better + sloveso bez to. Znamená „radšej urob toto, inak to dopadne zle“. had tu nie je minulý čas: tvar je ustálený a hovorí o prítomnosti alebo najbližšej budúcnosti. V reči sa takmer vždy skracuje: 'd better.

You'd better see a doctor. Radšej choď k lekárovi (inak ti bude horšie).
You'd better not be late again. Už radšej nemeškaj.
I'd better go — it's nearly midnight. Radšej už pôjdem, je skoro polnoc.
We'd better take an umbrella. Radšej si vezmime dáždnik (inak zmokneme).

Zápor — not za better: You'd better not. 'd je tu had, nie would, hoci sa píše rovnako.

should alebo had better? You should see a doctor — pokojná rada, „mal by si“. You'd better see a doctor — naliehavejšie a o konkrétnom prípade: ak to neurobíš, bude to mať následky. Preto sa o všeobecných pravdách had better nehovorí: People should sleep eight hours, a nie had better. Šéfovi alebo neznámemu človeku môže You'd better… znieť ako hrozba; o sebe — I'd better go — sa tak hovorí vždy a so všetkými.

Prerozprávanie. Priamu radu odovzdáva sloveso zámeru: "You'd better see a doctor" → She advised me to see a doctor; "You'd better not swim here" → He warned us not to swim there. had better sa pri prerozprávaní neposúva a možný je aj variant so said: She said I'd better see a doctor.

Porovnaj offer a suggest — po slovensky „ponúknuť“ a „navrhnúť“, a rozdiel je rovnaký:

He offered to drive us. Ponúkol sa, že nás odvezie — šoférovať bude on.
He suggested taking a taxi. Navrhol vziať si taxík — je to nápad pre všetkých.

offer — ponúknuť seba, svoju pomoc alebo vec; suggest — navrhnúť nápad.

Ďalšie príklady:

My friend advised me not to buy the car. Kamarát mi poradil, aby som to auto nekupoval.
They refused to give us our money back. Odmietli nám vrátiť peniaze.
I apologised for forgetting her birthday. Ospravedlnil som sa, že som zabudol na jej narodeniny.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ He insisted to pay → ✓ He insisted on paying. Za insist ide vždy on a tvar na -ing. ✗ You'd better to go → ✓ You'd better go. Po had better, rovnako ako po modálnom slovese, sa to nedáva.

Otestuj sa. Akým slovesom odovzdať "Let's take a taxi"? Čo nie je v poriadku vo vete He advised to rest? Ako povedať „Radšej nemeškaj“ a ako to prerozprávať?

zobraziť odpovede
suggest — She suggested taking a taxi; chýba človek, ktorému sa radí: He advised me to rest; You'd better not be late — She warned me not to be late.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

suggest s to a s adresátom

✗ He suggested to go by train

✗ She suggested me to wait

✓ He suggested going by train

She suggested that I should wait. Po slovensky „navrhol ísť vlakom“, „navrhla mi počkať“ — po „navrhnúť“ môže stáť komu aj neurčitok. suggest neberie ani jedno: za ním ide -ing alebo celá veta s that.

2

advise bez človeka

✗ He advised to see a doctor

✓ He advised me to see a doctor

Slovenské „odporučil ísť k lekárovi“ znie úplne, komu — je jasné z rozhovoru. V angličtine je miesto pre človeka za advise povinné.

3

„Za to, že“ po predložke

✗ He apologised for be late

✗ She thanked me for that I helped her

✓ He apologised for being late

She thanked me for helping her. Po slovensky za „za“ stojí podstatné meno („za meškanie“) alebo „za to, že…“. V angličtine sa sloveso po predložke mení na tvar na -ing.

4

advice ako počítateľné

✗ He gave me a good advise

✗ advices

✓ He gave me some good advice

alebo a good piece of advice. Slovenská „rada“ sa počíta — „jedna rada, dve rady“ —, anglické advice nie: bez a a bez množného čísla. Sloveso advise sa od neho líši jedným písmenom.

5

„Radšej by si mal“

✗ You would better go

✗ You should better go

✓ You'd better go

Slovenská rada „radšej by si mal ísť“ je s podmieňovacím spôsobom, a tak sa 'd rozvinie na would alebo k better pribudne should. 'd je tu však had: You had better go.

Výslovnosť

4 min

Sloveso zámeru je prízvučné — práve ono nesie zmysel:

He offered to help. She refused to answer. They agreed to wait.

advise a advice sa líšia poslednou hláskou: advise /ədˈvaɪz/ — sloveso, so znelým /z/; advice /ədˈvaɪs/ — podstatné meno, s neznelým /s/.

You'd better — /jʊd ˈbetə/: /d/ pred /b/ takmer nepočuť a fráza znie skoro ako you better. Na papieri však 'd treba vždy. Prízvuk je na better a na plnovýznamovom slovese: You'd BETter GO.

Prízvuk, ktorý Slováci posúvajú na prvú slabiku, ako sú zvyknutí z materinčiny: promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ — na prvej slabike, tu je to ako po slovensky; suggest /səˈdʒest/ — na druhej, prvá slabika je krátka a neprízvučná; apologise /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ — štyri slabiky, prízvuk na druhej; refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ — na druhej, so /z/ na konci.

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Text

5 min

On Monday our team had a difficult meeting. We were supposed to finish a big presentation for a client by Friday, but half of it wasn't ready.

Tom arrived ten minutes late and apologised for keeping everyone waiting. He promised to send us his part that evening. Lucy offered to help him with the charts, but he refused — he said he had almost finished.

Then our manager, Helen, looked at the plan and suggested working in pairs. She advised us to start with the hardest slides and warned us not to change the design at the last minute. I reminded her that two people were on holiday that week. She thought for a moment and agreed to move the deadline to the following Wednesday. "But you'd better not ask for more time again," she added with a smile.

After the meeting Tom thanked Lucy for offering to help and invited us all to lunch. He insisted on paying for everyone. I think he simply felt guilty about being late.

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Cvičenia

30 min

1. Nahraď prerozprávanie jedným slovesom

  1. Tom said to me, "I'll carry your bag." (offer)
  2. Anna said, "No, I won't sign it." (refuse)
  3. The doctor said to me, "You should rest for a week." (advise)
  4. Mark said, "Let's go by train." (suggest)
  5. He said, "Sorry I'm late." (apologise)
  6. She said to me, "Don't forget to lock the door." (remind)
  7. Dad said, "I'll call you every day." (promise)
  8. The guide said to us, "Don't swim here." (warn)
  9. She said to me, "Thank you for helping." (thank)
  10. They said, "OK, we'll meet on Friday." (agree)
  11. My friend said to me, "You'd better see a doctor." (advise)
  12. Mum said to us, "You'd better not touch the oven." (warn)
Zobraziť odpovede
Tom offered to carry my bag; Anna refused to sign it; The doctor advised me to rest for a week; Mark suggested going by train / Mark suggested that we should go by train / Mark suggested that we go by train; He apologised for being late; She reminded me to lock the door; Dad promised to call me every day; The guide warned us not to swim there / The guide warned us not to swim here; She thanked me for helping / She thanked me for helping her; They agreed to meet on Friday; My friend advised me to see a doctor; Mum warned us not to touch the oven

2. Daj sloveso zo zátvorky

  1. He offered (drive) us to the station
  2. She suggested (have) lunch in the park
  3. I apologised for (forget) her birthday
  4. They agreed (wait) another week
  5. He insisted on (pay) for everyone
  6. My friend advised me (not / buy) that car
  7. She refused (answer) my question
  8. Thank you for (invite) us
Zobraziť odpovede
to drive; having; forgetting; to wait; paying; not to buy; to answer; inviting

3. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. He suggested to go by train.
  2. She advised to see a doctor.
  3. He apologised for be late.
  4. They suggested me to wait outside.
  5. She warned us don't go out alone.
  6. He gave me a very useful advise.
Zobraziť odpovede
He suggested going by train / He suggested that we should go by train; She advised me to see a doctor / She advised him to see a doctor / She advised us to see a doctor; He apologised for being late; They suggested that I should wait outside / They suggested that I wait outside / They suggested waiting outside; She warned us not to go out alone; He gave me some very useful advice / He gave me a very useful piece of advice

4. Priraďovanie.

  1. "Shall I help you?"
  2. "No, I won't."
  3. "Let's eat out tonight."
  4. "Sorry!"
  5. "Don't forget your keys."
Zobraziť odpovede
`"Shall I help you?"` — offer; `"No, I won't."` — refuse; `"Let's eat out tonight."` — suggest; `"Sorry!"` — apologise; `"Don't forget your keys."` — remind

5. Rozviň nápovedu do rady

  1. It's going to rain. (you / take an umbrella)
  2. The boss is angry about yesterday. (you / not / be late again)
  3. It's nearly midnight. (I / go home)
Zobraziť odpovede
You'd better take an umbrella / You had better take an umbrella; You'd better not be late again / You had better not be late again; I'd better go home / I had better go home

6. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Ponúkol sa, že ma odvezie domov. 2) Navrhla ísť do kina. 3) Lekár mi poradil, aby som viac chodil pešo. 4) Odmietol podpísať zmluvu. 5) Ospravedlnila sa, že nezavolala. 6) Pripomeň mi, aby som kúpil chlieb.

Zobraziť odpovede
He offered to drive me home / He offered to give me a lift home; She suggested going to the cinema / She suggested that we should go to the cinema; The doctor advised me to walk more; He refused to sign the contract; She apologised for not calling / She apologised for not phoning; Remind me to buy some bread / Remind me to buy bread

7. Porozprávaj o cudzej rade.

Spomeň si, kto ti nedávno niečo poradil, sľúbil, ponúkol alebo ti v niečom odmietol vyhovieť. Prerozprávaj to štyrmi vetami so štyrmi rôznymi slovesami zámeru.

Vzor: Last week my sister advised me to find a new job. My friend Sam offered to look at my CV. My boss refused to give me a day off. In the end my wife suggested going away for the weekend.

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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: slovesá prerozprávania v troch modeloch — advise, warn, remind, invite + koho + to; offer, promise, refuse, agree + to; suggest, apologise for, thank for, insist on + -ing; zápor not to; offer oproti suggest; advise a advice; priamu radu You'd better… a You'd better not… oproti should a jej prerozprávanie. Ďalej — lekcia 17: presný opis.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 89

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

17 slov
  • advise /ədˈvaɪz/ radiť, poradiť
  • had better /hæd ˈbetə/ radšej (by) — rada s varovaním
  • offer /ˈɒfə/ ponúknuť, ponúkať (pomoc)
  • suggest /səˈdʒest/ navrhnúť, navrhovať
  • refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ odmietať, odmietnuť
  • promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ sľúbiť
  • remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ pripomenúť, pripomínať
  • warn /wɔːn/ varovať, upozorniť
  • apologise /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ ospravedlniť sa
  • insist on /ɪnˈsɪst ɒn/ trvať na
  • invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ pozvať, pozývať
  • slide /slaɪd/ snímka (prezentácie)
  • chart /tʃɑːt/ graf, diagram
  • design /dɪˈzaɪn/ dizajn, grafická úprava
  • at the last minute /ət ðə ˌlɑːst ˈmɪnɪt/ na poslednú chvíľu
  • guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ vinný; s pocitom viny
  • deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ termín, uzávierka

Písanie

Šesť viet — prerozprávanie pracovného alebo rodinného rozhovoru, aspoň so štyrmi rôznymi slovesami zámeru a jedným not to.

Vzor

Last Sunday we discussed our summer holiday. My husband suggested renting a cottage in Cornwall. My mother warned us not to go in August because of the crowds. My son refused to go anywhere without his friend, so we agreed to take the friend too. My brother offered to lend us his car. In the end I promised to book everything by Friday.

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