Gramatika ~54 min ng core ang natitira

Iulat ang payo ng iba

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong iulat hindi lang ang mga salita, kundi pati ang layunin ng nagsalita — payo, pagtanggi, pangako, alok.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 54 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

15 min

Pagkatapos ng B1 #15, kaya na ninyong iulat ang anumang sinabi gamit ang said, told at asked. Pero sa buhay na pag-uulat, mas mahalaga ang layunin kaysa sa mga salita: nagpayo ang tao, tumanggi, nangako, nag-alok. Iisang pandiwa lang ang ginagamit ng Ingles para iulat ang layunin. He said, "I'll help you" → He offered to help me. Umiikli ang pag-uulat, at agad na nakikita kung bakit iyon sinabi ng tao.

Anyo: tatlong padron. Nahahati ang mga pandiwang ito sa tatlong grupo ayon sa kasunod nila. Kailangang tandaan ang grupo kasama ng pandiwa.

Pandiwa + tao + to + pandiwa. Gusto ng nagsasalita na ibang tao ang kumilos, kaya kailangang banggitin ang taong iyon. Negatibo — not to.

advise — magpayo The doctor advised me to rest.
warn — magbabala She warned us not to swim there.
remind — magpaalala He reminded me to lock the door.
invite — mag-anyaya They invited us to stay for dinner.

Kasama rito ang ask at tell mula sa B1 #15: asked me to wait, told us not to be late.

Pandiwa + to + pandiwa, walang tao. Ang nagsasalita mismo ang aako sa gawain o tatanggi rito, kaya hindi kailangang banggitin ang ibang tao.

offer — mag-alok (ng sariling tulong) He offered to carry my bag.
promise — mangako She promised to call. / She promised not to tell anyone.
refuse — tumanggi He refused to answer.
agree — pumayag They agreed to change the date.

Pandiwa + -ing, o pang-ukol + -ing. Ang suggest ay nagmumungkahi ng ideya para sa lahat, at hindi binabanggit kung sino ang gagawa — kaya -ing. Pagkatapos ng pang-ukol (for, on), laging nasa anyong -ing ang pandiwa.

suggest — magmungkahi (ng ideya) She suggested going by train.
apologise for — humingi ng paumanhin dahil sa He apologised for being late.
thank tao for — magpasalamat sa She thanked me for helping.
insist on — magpumilit He insisted on paying.

May ikalawang bersiyon ang suggest — may buong pangungusap: She suggested that we should go by train. Magagamit ito kapag kailangang banggitin kung kanino iminumungkahi.

Ano ang nagiging mas madali. Pagkatapos ng mga pandiwa ng layunin, hindi kailangan ang pag-atras ng panahunan mula sa B1 #15. Walang sariling panahunan ang anyong to + pandiwa at ang anyong -ing: ang pandiwa ng layunin mismo ang nagdadala ng panahunan. Paghambingin: He said he would call me — pag-uulat ng mga salita, may would; He promised to call me — pag-uulat ng layunin, at hindi na kailangan ang would. Hindi lang umiikli ang pag-uulat, kundi nagiging mas simple rin.

Tumatanggap din ang ilan sa mga pandiwang ito ng buong pangungusap na may that: She promised that she would call, He agreed that the plan was good. Pero para sa layunin, mas natural ang tunog ng maikling anyo. Sa pagkukuwento ng isang usapan, karaniwang pinagsasalit-salit ang mga pandiwa ng layunin at ang said at told. Kapag said ang ginamit sa lahat ng sinabi, nakakaumay ang tunog ng kuwento; kapag pandiwa ng layunin ang lahat — parang katitikan ng pulong.

Kailan aling pandiwa. Nasa mismong mga salita ng nagsasalita ang pahiwatig:

"You should see a doctor." / "If I were you, I'd…" advise
"I'll help you." / "Shall I carry it?" offer
"I'll do it, I promise." promise
"No, I won't." refuse
"OK, fine." agree
"Let's…" / "Why don't we…?" suggest
"Sorry I'm late." apologise for
"Don't forget to…" remind
"Be careful — don't…" warn
"You'd better…" advise
"You'd better not…" warn

Tuwirang payo: You'd better… Bago iulat ang isang payo, kailangang marinig ito at kayang ibigay ito mismo. Bukod sa should (A2 #11) at If I were you (B1 #8), may payo sa Ingles na may kasamang babala: had better + pandiwang walang to. Ang ibig sabihin nito ay “mabuti pang gawin mo ito, kundi masama ang mangyayari”. Hindi pangnagdaan ang had dito: nakapirmi ang anyo at tungkol ito sa kasalukuyan o sa malapit na hinaharap. Sa pananalita, halos laging pinaiikli ito: 'd better.

You'd better see a doctor. Mabuti pang magpatingin ka sa doktor (kundi lalala iyan).
You'd better not be late again. Huwag ka nang mahuhuli ulit.
I'd better go — it's nearly midnight. Mabuti pang umalis na ako — halos hatinggabi na.
We'd better take an umbrella. Mabuti pang magdala tayo ng payong (kundi mababasa tayo).

Negatibo — not pagkatapos ng better: You'd better not. Ang 'd dito ay had, hindi would, kahit pareho ang pagkakasulat.

should o had better? You should see a doctor — mahinahong payo, “mabuti sana kung”. You'd better see a doctor — mas mapilit at tungkol sa tiyak na sitwasyon: kung hindi ito gagawin, may kahihinatnan. Kaya hindi ginagamit ang had better sa mga pangkalahatang katotohanan: People should sleep eight hours, hindi had better. Sa boss o sa taong hindi kakilala, puwedeng tumunog na pagbabanta ang You'd better…; tungkol sa sarili — I'd better go — ganito palaging nagsasalita, at sa kahit sino.

Pag-uulat. Iniuulat ang tuwirang payo gamit ang pandiwa ng layunin: "You'd better see a doctor" → She advised me to see a doctor; "You'd better not swim here" → He warned us not to swim there. Hindi umaatras ang had better sa pag-uulat, at posible rin ang bersiyong may said: She said I'd better see a doctor.

Paghambingin ang offer at suggest — sa Tagalog, “mag-alok” at “magmungkahi”:

He offered to drive us. Nag-alok siyang ihatid kami — siya mismo ang magmamaneho.
He suggested taking a taxi. Iminungkahi niyang mag-taxi — ideya ito para sa lahat.

offer — ialok ang sarili, ang sariling tulong o isang bagay; suggest — magmungkahi ng ideya.

Iba pang halimbawa:

My friend advised me not to buy the car. Pinayuhan ako ng kaibigan ko na huwag bilhin ang kotse.
They refused to give us our money back. Tumanggi silang ibalik sa amin ang pera namin.
I apologised for forgetting her birthday. Humingi ako ng paumanhin dahil nakalimutan ko ang kaarawan niya.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ He insisted to pay → ✓ He insisted on paying. Laging on at anyong -ing ang kasunod ng insist. ✗ You'd better to go → ✓ You'd better go. Gaya ng pagkatapos ng pandiwang modal, walang to pagkatapos ng had better.

Subukin ang sarili. Aling pandiwa ang gagamitin sa pag-uulat ng "Let's take a taxi"? Ano ang mali sa He advised to rest? Paano sasabihin ang “Mabuti pang huwag kang mahuli” at paano ito iuulat?

ipakita ang mga sagot
suggest — She suggested taking a taxi; hindi binanggit ang taong pinapayuhan: He advised me to rest; You'd better not be late — She warned me not to be late.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

suggest na may tao at to

✗ She suggested me to wait

✗ He suggested to go by train

✓ She suggested that I should wait

He suggested going by train. Sa Tagalog, iisa ang anyo ng “Pinayuhan niya akong maghintay” at ng “Iminungkahi niyang maghintay ako”: tao + pandiwa. Kaya inililipat sa suggest ang padron ng advise me to. Pero hindi tumatanggap ang suggest ng tao o ng to: -ing o buong pangungusap na may that ang kasunod nito.

2

don't pagkatapos ng warn

✗ She warned us don't swim there

✓ She warned us not to swim there

Gaya ng sa B1 #15, nananatili ang “huwag” sa “Binalaan niya kaming huwag lumangoy roon”, kaya don't ang isinusulat. Pero pagkatapos ng warn, advise at remind + tao, not to + pandiwa ang negatibo.

3

insist to

✗ He insisted to pay

✓ He insisted on paying

Kapareho ng “Nangako siyang magbabayad” ang “Nagpumilit siyang magbayad”, kaya parang promised to pay din ito. Pero on + -ing ang laging kasunod ng insist.

4

advices at an advice

✗ He gave me a lot of advices

✗ an advice

✓ a lot of advice

some good advice, a good piece of advice. Nabibilang ang “payo” — “isang payo”, “mga payo” —, pero hindi nabibilang ang advice: walang a at walang -s. At magkaiba ang baybay: advice — pangngalan, advise — pandiwa (✗ a good advise).

Pagbigkas

4 min

May diin ang pandiwa ng layunin — ito ang nagdadala ng kahulugan:

He offered to help. She refused to answer. They agreed to wait.

Magkaiba ang advise at advice sa huling tunog: advise /ədˈvaɪz/ — pandiwa, may matunog na /z/; advice /ədˈvaɪs/ — pangngalan, may di-matunog na /s/.

You'd better — /jʊd ˈbetə/: halos hindi naririnig ang /d/ bago ang /b/, kaya sa pakikinig ay parang /jʊ ˈbetə/ lang ang tunog. Pero sa pagsulat, laging kailangan ang 'd. Nasa better at sa pangunahing pandiwa ang diin: You'd BETter GO.

Diin na madaling mailipat: promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ — nasa unang pantig; suggest /səˈdʒest/ — nasa ikalawa, maikli at walang diin ang unang pantig; apologise /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ — apat na pantig, nasa ikalawa ang diin; refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ — nasa ikalawa, may /z/ sa dulo.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

On Monday our team had a difficult meeting. We were supposed to finish a big presentation for a client by Friday, but half of it wasn't ready.

Tom arrived ten minutes late and apologised for keeping everyone waiting. He promised to send us his part that evening. Lucy offered to help him with the charts, but he refused — he said he had almost finished.

Then our manager, Helen, looked at the plan and suggested working in pairs. She advised us to start with the hardest slides and warned us not to change the design at the last minute. I reminded her that two people were on holiday that week. She thought for a moment and agreed to move the deadline to the following Wednesday. "But you'd better not ask for more time again," she added with a smile.

After the meeting Tom thanked Lucy for offering to help and invited us all to lunch. He insisted on paying for everyone. I think he simply felt guilty about being late.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Palitan ang pag-uulat ng iisang pandiwa

  1. Tom said to me, "I'll carry your bag." (offer)
  2. Anna said, "No, I won't sign it." (refuse)
  3. The doctor said to me, "You should rest for a week." (advise)
  4. Mark said, "Let's go by train." (suggest)
  5. He said, "Sorry I'm late." (apologise)
  6. She said to me, "Don't forget to lock the door." (remind)
  7. Dad said, "I'll call you every day." (promise)
  8. The guide said to us, "Don't swim here." (warn)
  9. She said to me, "Thank you for helping." (thank)
  10. They said, "OK, we'll meet on Friday." (agree)
  11. My friend said to me, "You'd better see a doctor." (advise)
  12. Mum said to us, "You'd better not touch the oven." (warn)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Tom offered to carry my bag; Anna refused to sign it; The doctor advised me to rest for a week; Mark suggested going by train / Mark suggested that we should go by train / Mark suggested that we go by train; He apologised for being late; She reminded me to lock the door; Dad promised to call me every day; The guide warned us not to swim there / The guide warned us not to swim here; She thanked me for helping / She thanked me for helping her; They agreed to meet on Friday; My friend advised me to see a doctor; Mum warned us not to touch the oven

2. Ilagay ang pandiwang nasa panaklong

  1. He offered (drive) us to the station
  2. She suggested (have) lunch in the park
  3. I apologised for (forget) her birthday
  4. They agreed (wait) another week
  5. He insisted on (pay) for everyone
  6. My friend advised me (not / buy) that car
  7. She refused (answer) my question
  8. Thank you for (invite) us
Ipakita ang mga sagot
to drive; having; forgetting; to wait; paying; not to buy; to answer; inviting

3. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. He suggested to go by train.
  2. She advised to see a doctor.
  3. He apologised for be late.
  4. They suggested me to wait outside.
  5. She warned us don't go out alone.
  6. He gave me a very useful advise.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He suggested going by train / He suggested that we should go by train; She advised me to see a doctor / She advised him to see a doctor / She advised us to see a doctor; He apologised for being late; They suggested that I should wait outside / They suggested that I wait outside / They suggested waiting outside; She warned us not to go out alone; He gave me some very useful advice / He gave me a very useful piece of advice

4. Pagtutugma.

  1. "Shall I help you?"
  2. "No, I won't."
  3. "Let's eat out tonight."
  4. "Sorry!"
  5. "Don't forget your keys."
Ipakita ang mga sagot
`"Shall I help you?"` — offer; `"No, I won't."` — refuse; `"Let's eat out tonight."` — suggest; `"Sorry!"` — apologise; `"Don't forget your keys."` — remind

5. Gawing payo ang pahiwatig

  1. It's going to rain. (you / take an umbrella)
  2. The boss is angry about yesterday. (you / not / be late again)
  3. It's nearly midnight. (I / go home)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
You'd better take an umbrella / You had better take an umbrella; You'd better not be late again / You had better not be late again; I'd better go home / I had better go home

6. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Nag-alok siyang ihatid ako pauwi. (lalaki) 2) Iminungkahi niyang manood kami ng sine. (babae) 3) Pinayuhan ako ng doktor na maglakad nang mas madalas. 4) Tumanggi siyang pirmahan ang kontrata. (lalaki) 5) Humingi siya ng paumanhin dahil hindi siya tumawag. (babae) 6) Paalalahanan mo akong bumili ng tinapay.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
He offered to drive me home / He offered to give me a lift home; She suggested going to the cinema / She suggested that we should go to the cinema; The doctor advised me to walk more; He refused to sign the contract; She apologised for not calling / She apologised for not phoning; Remind me to buy some bread / Remind me to buy bread

7. Ikuwento ang payo ng iba.

Alalahanin kung sino ang kamakailan ay nagpayo, nangako, nag-alok o tumanggi sa inyo. Iulat ito sa apat na pangungusap, gamit ang apat na magkakaibang pandiwa ng layunin.

Halimbawa: Last week my sister advised me to find a new job. My friend Sam offered to look at my CV. My boss refused to give me a day off. In the end my wife suggested going away for the weekend.

Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: ang mga pandiwa ng pag-uulat sa tatlong padron — advise, warn, remind, invite + tao + to; offer, promise, refuse, agree + to; suggest, apologise for, thank for, insist on + -ing; ang negatibong not to; offer laban sa suggest; advise at advice; ang tuwirang payong You'd better… at You'd better not… laban sa should, at ang pag-uulat nito. Susunod — aralin 17: eksaktong paglalarawan.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 89

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

17 salita
  • advise /ədˈvaɪz/ magpayo, payuhan
  • had better /hæd ˈbetə/ mabuti pang… — payong may babala
  • offer /ˈɒfə/ mag-alok (ng tulong)
  • suggest /səˈdʒest/ magmungkahi (ng ideya)
  • refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ tumanggi
  • promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ mangako
  • remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ magpaalala, paalalahanan
  • warn /wɔːn/ magbabala, balaan
  • apologise /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ humingi ng paumanhin
  • insist on /ɪnˈsɪst ɒn/ magpumilit, ipilit
  • invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ mag-anyaya, imbitahin
  • slide /slaɪd/ slide (sa presentasyon)
  • chart /tʃɑːt/ tsart, grap
  • design /dɪˈzaɪn/ disenyo, ayos
  • at the last minute /ət ðə ˌlɑːst ˈmɪnɪt/ sa huling sandali
  • guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ nakokonsensiya, may sala
  • deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ deadline, takdang petsa

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap — pag-uulat ng isang usapan sa trabaho o sa pamilya, na may kahit apat na magkakaibang pandiwa ng layunin at isang not to.

Halimbawa

Last Sunday we discussed our summer holiday. My husband suggested renting a cottage in Cornwall. My mother warned us not to go in August because of the crowds. My son refused to go anywhere without his friend, so we agreed to take the friend too. My brother offered to lend us his car. In the end I promised to book everything by Friday.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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