Gramatika ~54 min od osnove preostalo

Preneti tuđi savet

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Mogu da prenesem ne samo reči, nego i nameru onoga ko govori — savet, odbijanje, obećanje, ponudu.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 54 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

15 min

Posle B1 #15 možeš da prepričaš bilo koje reči preko said, told i asked. Ali u živom prepričavanju važnije su ne reči, nego namera: čovek je savetovao, odbijao, obećavao, predlagao. Engleski prenosi nameru jednim glagolom. He said, "I'll help you" → He offered to help me. Prepričavanje postaje kraće, i odmah se vidi zašto je čovek to rekao.

Oblik: tri modela. Glagoli se dele u tri grupe prema tome šta dolazi iza njih. Grupu treba zapamtiti zajedno sa glagolom.

Glagol + koga + to + glagol. Onaj ko govori želi da radi neko drugi, zato tog čoveka treba navesti. Odrični oblik je not to.

advise — savetovati The doctor advised me to rest.
warn — upozoriti She warned us not to swim there.
remind — podsetiti He reminded me to lock the door.
invite — pozvati They invited us to stay for dinner.

Ovde spadaju i ask i tell iz B1 #15: asked me to wait, told us not to be late.

Glagol + to + glagol, bez osobe. Onaj ko govori sam se prihvata posla ili sam odbija, zato drugog čoveka ne treba navoditi.

offer — ponuditi (svoju pomoć) He offered to carry my bag.
promise — obećati She promised to call. / She promised not to tell anyone.
refuse — odbiti He refused to answer.
agree — pristati, složiti se They agreed to change the date.

Glagol + -ing, ili predlog + -ing. suggest predlaže ideju za sve odjednom, i ko će to uraditi nije rečeno — otuda -ing. Posle predloga (for, on) glagol uvek stoji u obliku na -ing.

suggest — predložiti (ideju) She suggested going by train.
apologise for — izviniti se zbog He apologised for being late.
thank koga for — zahvaliti na She thanked me for helping.
insist on — insistirati na He insisted on paying.

suggest ima i drugu varijantu — sa celom rečenicom: She suggested that we should go by train. Tako je zgodno kada treba reći kome se predlaže.

Šta postaje jednostavnije. Posle glagola namere nije potrebno pomeranje vremena iz B1 #15. Oblik to + glagol i oblik na -ing nemaju svoje vreme: vreme nosi sam glagol namere. Uporedi: He said he would call me — prepričavanje reči, sa would; He promised to call me — prepričavanje namere, i would više nije potreban. Prepričavanje postaje ne samo kraće, nego i jednostavnije.

Neki od ovih glagola primaju i celu rečenicu sa that: She promised that she would call, He agreed that the plan was good. Ali za nameru kratak oblik zvuči prirodnije. U priči o razgovoru glagoli namere obično se smenjuju sa said i told. Ako se sve replike prenesu preko said, priča zvuči jednolično, a ako sve preko glagola namere — kao zapisnik sa sastanka.

Kada koji glagol. Nagoveštaj je u samim rečima onoga ko govori:

"You should see a doctor." / "If I were you, I'd…" advise
"I'll help you." / "Shall I carry it?" offer
"I'll do it, I promise." promise
"No, I won't." refuse
"OK, fine." agree
"Let's…" / "Why don't we…?" suggest
"Sorry I'm late." apologise for
"Don't forget to…" remind
"Be careful — don't…" warn
"You'd better…" advise
"You'd better not…" warn

Direktan savet: You'd better… Pre nego što prepričaš savet, treba da ga čuješ i da ga umeš dati sam. Osim should (A2 #11) i If I were you (B1 #8), engleski ima savet sa upozorenjem: had better + glagol bez to. On znači „bolje uradi tako, inače će biti loše“. had ovde nije prošlo vreme: oblik je okamenjen i govori o sadašnjosti ili bliskoj budućnosti. U govoru se skoro uvek skraćuje: 'd better.

You'd better see a doctor. Bolje ti je da odeš kod lekara (inače će biti gore).
You'd better not be late again. Bolje ti je da više ne kasniš.
I'd better go — it's nearly midnight. Bolje da krenem, skoro je ponoć.
We'd better take an umbrella. Bolje da ponesemo kišobran (inače ćemo pokisnuti).

Odrični oblik — not posle better: You'd better not. 'd je ovde had, a ne would, iako se piše isto.

should ili had better? You should see a doctor — miran savet, „trebalo bi“. You'd better see a doctor — upornije i o konkretnom slučaju: ako se ne uradi, biće posledica. Zato se o opštim istinama ne kaže had better: People should sleep eight hours, a ne had better. Šefu ili nepoznatom čoveku You'd better… može da zazvuči kao pretnja; o sebi — I'd better go — tako se kaže uvek i svakome.

Prepričavanje. Direktan savet se prenosi glagolom namere: "You'd better see a doctor" → She advised me to see a doctor; "You'd better not swim here" → He warned us not to swim there. had better se u prepričavanju ne pomera, a moguća je i varijanta sa said: She said I'd better see a doctor.

Uporedi offer i suggest — „ponuditi (se)“ i „predložiti“:

He offered to drive us. Ponudio se da nas poveze — sam će voziti.
He suggested taking a taxi. Predložio je da uzmemo taksi — to je ideja za sve.

offer — ponuditi sebe, svoju pomoć ili neku stvar; suggest — predložiti ideju.

Još primera:

My friend advised me not to buy the car. Prijatelj mi je savetovao da ne kupim auto.
They refused to give us our money back. Odbili su da nam vrate novac.
I apologised for forgetting her birthday. Izvinio sam se što sam zaboravio njen rođendan.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ He insisted to pay → ✓ He insisted on paying. Posle insist uvek dolazi on i oblik na -ing. ✗ You'd better to go → ✓ You'd better go. Posle had better, kao posle modalnog glagola, to se ne stavlja.

Proveri se. Kojim glagolom preneti "Let's take a taxi"? Šta nije u redu u He advised to rest? Kako reći „Bolje ti je da ne kasniš“ i kako to prepričati?

prikaži odgovore
suggest — She suggested taking a taxi; nije naveden čovek kome se savetuje: He advised me to rest; You'd better not be late — She warned me not to be late.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

suggest sa to i sa osobom

✗ He suggested to go by train

✗ She suggested me to wait

✓ He suggested going by train

She suggested that I should wait. „Predložila mi je da sačekam“ ima i dativ i „da“ + glagol, pa se to prevede kao me to. suggest ne prima ni jedno ni drugo: iza njega dolazi -ing ili cela rečenica sa that.

2

„da“ posle advise, warn, remind

✗ She warned us that we don't swim there, ✗ He reminded me that I lock the door → ✓ She warned us not to swim there, He reminded me to lock the door. Srpski ove glagole nastavlja sa „da“: „upozorila nas je da ne plivamo tamo“. U engleskom posle osobe dolazi to + glagol, odrično not to. I osoba je obavezna: ✗ He advised to see a doctor → ✓ He advised me to see a doctor.

3

„što“ umesto predloga i -ing

✗ She thanked me that I helped her

✗ He apologised for be late

✓ She thanked me for helping her

He apologised for being late. Srpski kaže „zahvalila mi je što sam pomogao“, „izvinio se što kasni“. Engleski ovde traži predlog for, a glagol posle predloga dobija oblik na -ing.

4

insist sa „da“

✗ He insisted to pay

✓ He insisted on paying

„Insistirao je da plati“ vodi ka to + glagol. Englesko insist uvek ide sa on i oblikom na -ing.

5

advise i advice

✗ He gave me a good advise

✗ advices

✓ He gave me some good advice

ili a good piece of advice. Srpski „savet“ je brojiv: „dobar savet“, „dva saveta“. Englesko advice nije: bez a i bez množine. Od glagola advise razlikuje ga jedno slovo.

Izgovor

4 min

Glagol namere je naglašen — upravo on nosi smisao:

He offered to help. She refused to answer. They agreed to wait.

advise i advice se razlikuju poslednjim glasom: advise /ədˈvaɪz/ — glagol, sa zvučnim /z/; advice /ədˈvaɪs/ — imenica, sa bezvučnim /s/.

You'd better — /jʊd ˈbetə/: /d/ ispred /b/ skoro se ne čuje, pa fraza na sluh zvuči kao /jʊ ˈbetə/. Ali na papiru 'd je uvek potreban. Naglasak je na better i na glavnom glagolu: You'd BETter GO.

Naglasak na koji treba paziti: promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ — na prvom slogu; suggest /səˈdʒest/ — na drugom, prvi slog je kratak i nenaglašen; apologise /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ — četiri sloga, naglasak na drugom; refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ — na drugom, sa /z/ na kraju.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

On Monday our team had a difficult meeting. We were supposed to finish a big presentation for a client by Friday, but half of it wasn't ready.

Tom arrived ten minutes late and apologised for keeping everyone waiting. He promised to send us his part that evening. Lucy offered to help him with the charts, but he refused — he said he had almost finished.

Then our manager, Helen, looked at the plan and suggested working in pairs. She advised us to start with the hardest slides and warned us not to change the design at the last minute. I reminded her that two people were on holiday that week. She thought for a moment and agreed to move the deadline to the following Wednesday. "But you'd better not ask for more time again," she added with a smile.

After the meeting Tom thanked Lucy for offering to help and invited us all to lunch. He insisted on paying for everyone. I think he simply felt guilty about being late.

Vežbe

30 min

1. Zameni prepričavanje jednim glagolom

  1. Tom said to me, "I'll carry your bag." (offer)
  2. Anna said, "No, I won't sign it." (refuse)
  3. The doctor said to me, "You should rest for a week." (advise)
  4. Mark said, "Let's go by train." (suggest)
  5. He said, "Sorry I'm late." (apologise)
  6. She said to me, "Don't forget to lock the door." (remind)
  7. Dad said, "I'll call you every day." (promise)
  8. The guide said to us, "Don't swim here." (warn)
  9. She said to me, "Thank you for helping." (thank)
  10. They said, "OK, we'll meet on Friday." (agree)
  11. My friend said to me, "You'd better see a doctor." (advise)
  12. Mum said to us, "You'd better not touch the oven." (warn)
Prikaži odgovore
Tom offered to carry my bag; Anna refused to sign it; The doctor advised me to rest for a week; Mark suggested going by train / Mark suggested that we should go by train / Mark suggested that we go by train; He apologised for being late; She reminded me to lock the door; Dad promised to call me every day; The guide warned us not to swim there / The guide warned us not to swim here; She thanked me for helping / She thanked me for helping her; They agreed to meet on Friday; My friend advised me to see a doctor; Mum warned us not to touch the oven

2. Popunjavanje.

  1. He offered (drive) us to the station
  2. She suggested (have) lunch in the park
  3. I apologised for (forget) her birthday
  4. They agreed (wait) another week
  5. He insisted on (pay) for everyone
  6. My friend advised me (not / buy) that car
  7. She refused (answer) my question
  8. Thank you for (invite) us
Prikaži odgovore
to drive; having; forgetting; to wait; paying; not to buy; to answer; inviting

3. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. He suggested to go by train.
  2. She advised to see a doctor.
  3. He apologised for be late.
  4. They suggested me to wait outside.
  5. She warned us don't go out alone.
  6. He gave me a very useful advise.
Prikaži odgovore
He suggested going by train / He suggested that we should go by train; She advised me to see a doctor / She advised him to see a doctor / She advised us to see a doctor; He apologised for being late; They suggested that I should wait outside / They suggested that I wait outside / They suggested waiting outside; She warned us not to go out alone; He gave me some very useful advice / He gave me a very useful piece of advice

4. Povezivanje.

  1. "Shall I help you?"
  2. "No, I won't."
  3. "Let's eat out tonight."
  4. "Sorry!"
  5. "Don't forget your keys."
Prikaži odgovore
`"Shall I help you?"` — offer; `"No, I won't."` — refuse; `"Let's eat out tonight."` — suggest; `"Sorry!"` — apologise; `"Don't forget your keys."` — remind

5. Pretvori podsticaj u savet

  1. It's going to rain. (you / take an umbrella)
  2. The boss is angry about yesterday. (you / not / be late again)
  3. It's nearly midnight. (I / go home)
Prikaži odgovore
You'd better take an umbrella / You had better take an umbrella; You'd better not be late again / You had better not be late again; I'd better go home / I had better go home

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Ponudio se da me poveze do kuće. 2) Predložila je da odemo u bioskop. 3) Lekar mi je savetovao da više šetam. 4) Odbio je da potpiše ugovor. 5) Izvinila se što nije pozvala. 6) Podseti me da kupim hleb.

Prikaži odgovore
He offered to drive me home / He offered to give me a lift home; She suggested going to the cinema / She suggested that we should go to the cinema; The doctor advised me to walk more; He refused to sign the contract; She apologised for not calling / She apologised for not phoning; Remind me to buy some bread / Remind me to buy bread

7. Prepričaj tuđi savet.

Seti se ko ti je nedavno nešto savetovao, obećao, predložio ili te nešto odbio. Prepričaj to u četiri rečenice, sa četiri različita glagola namere.

Primer: Last week my sister advised me to find a new job. My friend Sam offered to look at my CV. My boss refused to give me a day off. In the end my wife suggested going away for the weekend.

Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: glagoli prepričavanja u tri modela — advise, warn, remind, invite + koga + to; offer, promise, refuse, agree + to; suggest, apologise for, thank for, insist on + -ing; odrični oblik not to; offer naspram suggest; advise i advice; direktan savet You'd better… i You'd better not… naspram should i njegovo prepričavanje. Sledi lekcija 17: precizan opis.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 89

opciono

Reči za špil

17 reči
  • advise /ədˈvaɪz/ savetovati
  • had better /hæd ˈbetə/ bolje (je da) — savet sa upozorenjem
  • offer /ˈɒfə/ ponuditi (pomoć)
  • suggest /səˈdʒest/ predložiti (ideju)
  • refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ odbiti
  • promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ obećati
  • remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ podsetiti
  • warn /wɔːn/ upozoriti
  • apologise /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ izviniti se
  • insist on /ɪnˈsɪst ɒn/ insistirati na
  • invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ pozvati, pozivati
  • slide /slaɪd/ slajd
  • chart /tʃɑːt/ dijagram, grafikon
  • design /dɪˈzaɪn/ dizajn, izgled
  • at the last minute /ət ðə ˌlɑːst ˈmɪnɪt/ u poslednjem trenutku
  • guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ kriv
  • deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ rok

Pisanje

Šest rečenica — prepričavanje poslovnog ili porodičnog razgovora, sa najmanje četiri različita glagola namere i jednim not to.

Primer

Last Sunday we discussed our summer holiday. My husband suggested renting a cottage in Cornwall. My mother warned us not to go in August because of the crowds. My son refused to go anywhere without his friend, so we agreed to take the friend too. My brother offered to lend us his car. In the end I promised to book everything by Friday.

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