Gramatika ~57 min z jadra zostáva

Spýtať sa zdvorilo a povedať, že niečo nevieš

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Viem položiť otázku neznámemu človeku tak, aby to neznelo ako výsluch, a povedať, že niečo neviem.

Začať lekciu Jadro 57 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

16 min

Priama otázka neznámemu človeku — Where is the station? — je postavená správne, ale znie úsečne, skoro ako požiadavka, aj s Excuse me (A1 #21). Zdvorilejšie je zabaliť otázku do obalu: Could you tell me…? — „nepoviete mi…?“, Do you know…? — „neviete…?“. Vznikne nepriama otázka — otázka vložená do inej vety.

Jej stavbu si už videl pri prerozprávaní otázky (B1 #15): priamy slovosled, žiadne do, v zisťovacej otázke if. Rozdiel je jeden. Pri prerozprávaní si oznamoval otázku, ktorá zaznela skôr, a čas sa posúval. Tu kladieš vlastnú otázku teraz, preto čas zostáva ten istý ako v priamej otázke.

Tvar: obal + opytovacie slovo (alebo if) + podmet + sloveso.

priama otázka nepriama otázka
Where is the station? Could you tell me where the station is?
What time does the museum open? Do you know what time the museum opens?
How much did the tickets cost? Can you remember how much the tickets cost?
Is this seat free? Could you tell me if this seat is free?
Does this bus go to the centre? Do you know whether this bus goes to the centre?

Menia sa naraz tri veci. Slovosled sa stane priamym: najprv podmet, potom sloveso — where the station is. Pomocné do, does, did zmiznú a ich koncovka sa vráti k plnovýznamovému slovesu: does … open → opens, did … cost → cost. Otázka bez opytovacieho slova, na „áno“ alebo „nie“, dostane if alebo whether — to je anglické „či“.

Ak je opytovacie slovo podmetom. V otázkach Who lives here?, What happened? je slovosled aj tak priamy a do v nich nie je. Preto sa v obale nič nemení: Do you know who lives here?, Could you tell me what happened? Ale v What is that building? je podmetom that building a treba ho dať pred sloveso: Do you know what that building is?

Obaly — od jednoduchého po najjemnejší:

Do you know where the toilets are? Neviete, kde sú toalety? — bežná otázka okoloidúcemu
Could you tell me how to get to the castle? Nepoviete mi, ako sa dostanem k hradu? — zdvorilo
Do you happen to know if the bank is open? Neviete náhodou, či je banka otvorená?
I was wondering if you could help me. Nemohli by ste mi pomôcť? — najjemnejšia prosba

I was wondering if… doslova znamená „rozmýšľal som, či by…“, a minulý čas tu nie je o minulosti: zjemňuje prosbu, podobne ako could namiesto can. A I wonder… bez minulého času je „zaujímalo by ma…“, myšlienka nahlas: I wonder where she is. — „Zaujímalo by ma, kde je.“

Otáznik sa riadi obalom. Ak je obal otázka (Do you know…, Could you tell me…), na konci je otáznik. Ak je to oznamovacia veta (I don't know…, I wonder…, I was wondering…), na konci je bodka, hoci vnútri je opytovacie slovo.

Povedať, že nevieš. Tie isté nepriame otázky stoja po I don't know, I'm not sure, I can't remember, I have no idea:

I don't know where she lives. Neviem, kde býva.
I'm not sure if the shop is open on Sundays. Nie som si istý, či má obchod v nedeľu otvorené.
I can't remember where I put my keys. Nepamätám si, kam som dal kľúče.
I have no idea what time it is. Nemám potuchy, koľko je hodín.

if alebo whether. Takmer vždy sa dá jedno aj druhé; whether je o niečo úradnejšie. if tu znamená „či“, nie „ak“, preto po ňom môže stáť budúci čas: I don't know if he'll come. — „Neviem, či príde.“ Pravidlo „po if prítomný čas namiesto budúceho“ (A2 #27) sa týka len „ak“.

Porovnaj s prerozprávaním:

Do you know where he lives? pýtam sa teraz — čas sa nemení
She asked me where he lived. oznamujem minulú otázku — posun (B1 #15)

Opytovacie slovo + to + sloveso. Keď ide o to, čo robiť, vedľajšiu vetu možno skrátiť: I don't know what I should do = I don't know what to do. Po slovensky je to rovnako: „neviem, čo robiť“. Takto fungujú what, where, how, who, which, when a whether:

I don't know what to say. Neviem, čo povedať.
Could you show me how to use this machine? Neukážete mi, ako používať tento automat?
I'm not sure where to park. Neviem, kde zaparkovať.
Can you tell me which bus to take? Nepoviete mi, ktorým autobusom ísť?
We can't decide whether to stay or leave. Nevieme sa rozhodnúť, či zostať, alebo odísť.

Dej v tomto tvare robí ten istý človek ako v hlavnej vete, alebo „ktokoľvek“. Pred to sa hodí len whether, nie if: whether to stay.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ I don't know why to go → ✓ I don't know why I should go. S why skrátený tvar neexistuje — len celá vedľajšia veta.

Otestuj sa. Ako sa zdvorilo spýtať Where's the nearest cash machine? Prečo je v I wonder where he is na konci bodka? Ako kratšie povedať I don't know what I should say?

zobraziť odpovede
Could you tell me where the nearest cash machine is? alebo Do you know where the nearest cash machine is?; obal I wonder je oznamovacia veta, nie otázka; I don't know what to say.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

Opytovací slovosled vnútri

✗ Could you tell me where is the station? → ✓ Could you tell me where the station is?; ✗ I don't know what should I do → ✓ I don't know what I should do alebo what to do. Po slovensky sa slovosled nemení: „Kde je stanica?“ aj „Neviete, kde je stanica?“. Otázku však už položil obal, vnútri stojí obyčajná oznamovacia veta.

2

do vnútri

✗ Do you know what time does the museum open?

✓ Do you know what time the museum opens?

Slovenčina nič ako do nemá, a tak sa what time does … open naučí ako hotový kúsok otázky a prenesie sa celý. do je však už v obale; koncovka -s sa vráti k slovesu.

3

Čiarka pred opytovacím slovom a if

✗ Do you know, where the station is?

✗ I'm not sure, if the shop is open

✓ Do you know where the station is?

I'm not sure if the shop is open. Po slovensky sa pred „kde“, „či“ čiarka píše vždy, po anglicky pred nepriamou otázkou nie.

4

Prítomný čas namiesto budúceho

✗ I don't know if he comes tomorrow

✓ I don't know if he'll come tomorrow

V „neviem, či zajtra príde“ vyzerá „príde“ ako prítomný čas, a k tomu láka aj pravidlo z A2 #27. Tu však if znamená „či“ a o budúcnosti sa hovorí s will.

Výslovnosť

4 min

Nepriama otázka je jedna veta s jednou intonáciou, nie dve otázky za sebou:

Could you tell me where the station is ↗

Otázkou je tu obal. Na konci hlas zvyčajne stúpa; mierne klesnutie je tiež zdvorilé, znie ako prosba. Na where samostatné stúpnutie nie je: vnútorná časť sa vyslovuje ako oznamovacia veta. A I don't know where it is vôbec nie je otázka — hlas klesá ↘, ako pri prerozprávaní (B1 #15).

Obaly v rýchlej reči splývajú: Could you /ˈkʊdʒu/ — /d/ a /j/ dajú /dʒ/; Do you know /djə ˈnəʊ/; I was wondering /aɪ wəz ˈwʌndərɪŋ/ — was je slabé.

wonder a wander. wonder /ˈwʌndə/ — „byť zvedavý, pýtať sa sám seba“, s /ʌ/ ako vo won. wander /ˈwɒndə/ — „túlať sa“, s /ɒ/ ako vo want. A whether znie rovnako ako weather: /ˈweðə/.

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Text

5 min

Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you. Could you tell me where the ticket office is?

Of course. It's just over there, on the left, next to the café.

Thank you. And do you happen to know what time the last train to Leeds leaves?

I'm not sure, I'm afraid. I think it's at about eleven, but I don't know if it runs on Sundays. There's a timetable on the wall by the main entrance.

Great. One more thing. I was wondering if you could tell me how to get to the castle. I've got a map, but I can't work out which way to go.

It's about fifteen minutes on foot. Go out of the main entrance, cross the bridge and keep walking along the river. You'll see it on your right.

Do you know whether it's open today? I read somewhere that it was closed for repairs.

I've no idea, sorry. But there's a tourist information centre right next to the castle. Ask them what to see first. You can also walk along the old city walls — the views are wonderful.

Thank you so much. You've been really helpful.

Not at all. Enjoy York!

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

32 min

1. Prerob na zdvorilú otázku

  1. Where is the post office? (Could you tell me)
  2. What time does the bank close? (Do you know)
  3. Is this the train to Oxford? (Could you tell me)
  4. How much does a ticket cost? (Do you know)
  5. Where did you buy that coat? (Can you remember)
  6. Does this bus stop at the hospital? (Do you happen to know)
  7. Who lives in that house? (Do you know)
  8. When was this church built? (Do you know)
Zobraziť odpovede
Could you tell me where the post office is?; Do you know what time the bank closes?; Could you tell me if this is the train to Oxford? / Could you tell me whether this is the train to Oxford?; Do you know how much a ticket costs?; Can you remember where you bought that coat?; Do you happen to know if this bus stops at the hospital? / Do you happen to know whether this bus stops at the hospital?; Do you know who lives in that house?; Do you know when this church was built?

2. Prepíš otázku ako odpoveď „neviem“

  1. Where does Anna work? (I don't know)
  2. Is the museum open on Mondays? (I'm not sure)
  3. What time did the film start? (I can't remember)
  4. How old is their house? (I have no idea)
  5. Will it rain tomorrow? (I wonder)
Zobraziť odpovede
I don't know where Anna works; I'm not sure if the museum is open on Mondays / I'm not sure whether the museum is open on Mondays; I can't remember what time the film started; I have no idea how old their house is / I've no idea how old their house is; I wonder if it will rain tomorrow / I wonder whether it will rain tomorrow

3. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. Could you tell me where is the nearest bank?
  2. Do you know what time does the shop close?
  3. I don't know where does he live.
  4. Can you tell me is this seat free?
  5. I'm not sure what should I say.
  6. Do you know where did she go?
Zobraziť odpovede
Could you tell me where the nearest bank is?; Do you know what time the shop closes?; I don't know where he lives; Can you tell me if this seat is free? / Can you tell me whether this seat is free?; I'm not sure what I should say / I'm not sure what to say; Do you know where she went?

4. Skráť vedľajšiu vetu:

  1. I don't know what I should do.
  2. Could you show me how I can use this machine?
  3. I'm not sure where I should park.
  4. She didn't know who she should ask.
  5. We can't decide whether we should stay or leave.
  6. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
Zobraziť odpovede
I don't know what to do; Could you show me how to use this machine?; I'm not sure where to park; She didn't know who to ask; We can't decide whether to stay or leave; Can you tell me which bus to take?

5. Doplň if, where, what, how alebo whether.

  1. Do you know the library is open today?
  2. Could you tell me the toilets are?
  3. I can't decide to buy the blue one or the black one
  4. I don't know to spell her surname
  5. Do you have any idea time it is?
Zobraziť odpovede
if / whether; where; whether; how; what

6. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Nepoviete mi, kde je tu lekáreň? 2) Neviete, či tento vlak ide do Londýna? 3) Nemám potuchy, čo jej dať. 4) Zaujímalo by ma, prečo neprišiel. 5) Neukážete mi, ako používať tento automat?

Zobraziť odpovede
Could you tell me where the chemist's is? / Could you tell me where the nearest chemist's is? / Could you tell me where the pharmacy is?; Do you know if this train goes to London? / Do you know whether this train goes to London?; I have no idea what to give her / I've no idea what to give her / I have no idea what to buy her; I wonder why he didn't come / I wonder why he hasn't come; Could you show me how to use this machine? / Can you show me how to use this machine?

7. Zostav tri zdvorilé otázky

okoloidúcemu v neznámom meste — s rôznymi obalmi. 1) Hľadáš stanicu. 2) Chceš zistiť, kedy zatvára múzeum. 3) Nevieš, ktorý autobus ide na letisko.

Zobraziť odpovede
Excuse me, could you tell me where the station is?; Do you know what time the museum closes?; Do you happen to know which bus goes to the airport?
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: nepriamu otázku — priamy slovosled, bez do, if a whether v zisťovacej otázke; obaly od Do you know…? po I was wondering if…; otáznik podľa obalu; I don't know, I'm not sure, I have no idea + nepriama otázka; opytovacie slovo + to. Ďalej — lekcia 20: udržať rozhovor.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 92

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

14 slov
  • bother /ˈbɒðə/ obťažovať, vyrušovať
  • wonder /ˈwʌndə/ byť zvedavý, klásť si otázku
  • happen to /ˈhæpən tə/ náhodou (vedieť, byť)
  • have no idea /ˌhæv nəʊ aɪˈdɪə/ nemať potuchy
  • ticket office /ˈtɪkɪt ˌɒfɪs/ pokladnica (na lístky)
  • main entrance /ˌmeɪn ˈentrəns/ hlavný vchod
  • cash machine /ˈkæʃ məˌʃiːn/ bankomat
  • chemist's /ˈkemɪsts/ lekáreň
  • which way /ˌwɪtʃ ˈweɪ/ ktorým smerom
  • work out /ˌwɜːk ˈaʊt/ prísť na to, pochopiť
  • repairs /rɪˈpeəz/ oprava, opravy
  • city walls /ˌsɪti ˈwɔːlz/ mestské hradby
  • surname /ˈsɜːneɪm/ priezvisko
  • view /vjuː/ výhľad

Písanie

Dialóg z ôsmich replík: si v neznámom meste a kladieš okoloidúcemu tri zdvorilé otázky; na jednu z nich nepozná odpoveď.

Vzor

— Excuse me, could you tell me where the bus station is? — It's behind the cathedral, about five minutes from here. — Thank you. Do you happen to know which bus goes to the airport? — I'm not sure, I'm afraid. I think it's the number 7. — And I was wondering if you could recommend a good place for lunch. — There's a nice café by the river, but I don't know if it's open on Mondays. — Thanks a lot. — No problem. Have a nice day!

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