Gramatika ~57 min jezgre preostalo

Uljudno pitati i reći da nešto ne znaš

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Mogu nepoznatoj osobi postaviti pitanje tako da ne zvuči kao saslušanje i reći da nešto ne znam.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 57 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

16 min

Izravno pitanje nepoznatoj osobi — Where is the station? — složeno je ispravno, ali zvuči oštro, gotovo kao zahtjev, čak i s Excuse me (A1 #21). Uljudnije je pitanje umotati u omot: Could you tell me…? — „Možete li mi reći…?“, Do you know…? — „Znate li…?“. Tako nastaje neizravno pitanje — pitanje ugrađeno u drugu rečenicu.

Njegovu građu već si vidio kod prepričavanja pitanja (B1 #15): red riječi kao u izjavi, nema do, u pitanju bez upitne riječi — if. Razlika je jedna. Pri prepričavanju izvješćivao si o pitanju koje je bilo postavljeno ranije, i vrijeme se pomicalo. Ovdje svoje pitanje postavljaš sada, pa vrijeme ostaje isto kao u izravnom pitanju.

Oblik: omot + upitna riječ (ili if) + subjekt + glagol.

izravno pitanje neizravno pitanje
Where is the station? Could you tell me where the station is?
What time does the museum open? Do you know what time the museum opens?
How much did the tickets cost? Can you remember how much the tickets cost?
Is this seat free? Could you tell me if this seat is free?
Does this bus go to the centre? Do you know whether this bus goes to the centre?

Mijenjaju se tri stvari odjednom. Red riječi postaje kao u izjavi: najprije subjekt, zatim glagol — where the station is. Pomoćni glagoli do, does, did nestaju, a njihov se nastavak vraća glavnom glagolu: does … open → opens, did … cost → cost. Pitanje bez upitne riječi, na koje se odgovara s „da“ ili „ne“, dobiva if ili whether — to je englesko „li“.

Ako je upitna riječ subjekt. U pitanjima Who lives here?, What happened? red riječi ionako je kao u izjavi, a do nema. Zato se u omotu ništa ne mijenja: Do you know who lives here?, Could you tell me what happened? Ali u What is that building? subjekt je that building, i njega treba staviti ispred glagola: Do you know what that building is?

Omoti — od jednostavnog do najblažeg:

Do you know where the toilets are? Znate li gdje je zahod? — obično pitanje prolazniku
Could you tell me how to get to the castle? Možete li mi reći kako da dođem do dvorca? — uljudno
Do you happen to know if the bank is open? Znate li možda radi li banka?
I was wondering if you could help me. Biste li mi mogli pomoći? — najblaža molba

I was wondering if… doslovno znači „pitao sam se bi li…“, i prošlo vrijeme ovdje nije o prošlosti: ono ublažava molbu, kao could umjesto can. A I wonder… bez prošlog vremena — „pitam se…“, „zanima me…“, misao naglas: I wonder where she is. — „Pitam se gdje je.“

Upitnik se stavlja prema omotu. Ako je omot pitanje (Do you know…, Could you tell me…), na kraju je upitnik. Ako je izjava (I don't know…, I wonder…, I was wondering…), na kraju je točka, iako unutra stoji upitna riječ.

Reći da ne znaš. Ista neizravna pitanja stoje iza I don't know, I'm not sure, I can't remember, I have no idea:

I don't know where she lives. Ne znam gdje živi.
I'm not sure if the shop is open on Sundays. Nisam siguran radi li trgovina nedjeljom.
I can't remember where I put my keys. Ne sjećam se kamo sam stavio ključeve.
I have no idea what time it is. Pojma nemam koliko je sati.

if ili whether. Gotovo uvijek može i jedno i drugo; whether je malo službeniji. if ovdje znači „li“, a ne „ako“, pa iza njega može doći buduće vrijeme: I don't know if he'll come. — „Ne znam hoće li doći.“ Pravilo „iza if sadašnje vrijeme umjesto budućeg“ (A2 #27) odnosi se samo na „ako“.

Usporedi s prepričavanjem:

Do you know where he lives? pitam sada — vrijeme se ne mijenja
She asked me where he lived. izvješćujem o prošlom pitanju — pomak (B1 #15)

Upitna riječ + to + glagol. Kad je riječ o tome što učiniti, zavisna se rečenica može skratiti: I don't know what I should do = I don't know what to do. Tako i hrvatski: „ne znam što da radim“, „ne znam što raditi“. Tako rade what, where, how, who, which, when i whether:

I don't know what to say. Ne znam što da kažem.
Could you show me how to use this machine? Možete li mi pokazati kako se koristi ovaj automat?
I'm not sure where to park. Ne znam gdje da parkiram.
Can you tell me which bus to take? Možete li mi reći na koji autobus da sjednem?
We can't decide whether to stay or leave. Ne možemo se odlučiti hoćemo li ostati ili otići.

Radnju u tom obliku vrši ista osoba kao u glavnom dijelu ili „bilo tko“. Ispred to može samo whether, ne if: whether to stay.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I don't know why to go → ✓ I don't know why I should go. S why skraćenog oblika nema — samo puna zavisna rečenica.

Provjeri se. Kako uljudno pitati Where's the nearest cash machine? Zašto je u I wonder where he is na kraju točka? Kako kraće reći I don't know what I should say?

prikaži odgovore
Could you tell me where the nearest cash machine is? ili Do you know where the nearest cash machine is?; omot I wonder je izjava, a ne pitanje; I don't know what to say.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Upitni red riječi unutra

✗ Could you tell me where is the station?

✓ Could you tell me where the station is?

U hrvatskom se red ne mijenja: „Gdje je kolodvor?“ i „Možete li mi reći gdje je kolodvor?“ — „gdje je kolodvor“ ostaje isto. U engleskom pitanje već postavlja omot, a unutra stoji obična izjava: subjekt, zatim glagol.

2

do unutra

✗ Do you know what time does the museum open?

✓ Do you know what time the museum opens?

Hrvatski nema do, pa se what time does… pamti kao gotov komad pitanja i prenosi cijeli. Ali do u omotu već postoji, a drugi ne treba; nastavak -s vraća se glagolu.

3

„je li“ kao is

✗ Do you know is this seat free?

✓ Do you know if this seat is free?

„Znate li je li ovo mjesto slobodno?“ — hrvatsko „je li“ na početku zavisnog dijela prevodi se kao is, i red ostaje upitni. Ali „li“ je u engleskom posebna riječ, if ili whether, a is ide iza subjekta: if this seat is free.

4

Upitni red iza I don't know

✗ I don't know what should I do

✓ I don't know what I should do

ili I don't know what to do. U „ne znam što bih trebao učiniti“ hrvatsko „bih“ stoji odmah iza „što“ — baš kao what should I. U engleskom iza upitne riječi dolazi subjekt. Najkraći i najsigurniji izlaz — oblik s to, kao hrvatsko „ne znam što da radim“: what to do.

Izgovor

4 min

Neizravno pitanje — jedna fraza s jednom intonacijom, a ne dva pitanja zaredom:

Could you tell me where the station is ↗

Pitanje je ovdje omot. Na kraju se glas obično penje; blagi pad također je uljudan, zvuči kao molba. Na where nema posebnog penjanja: unutarnji dio izgovara se kao izjava. A I don't know where it is uopće nije pitanje — glas pada ↘, kao u prepričavanju (B1 #15).

Omoti se u brzom govoru stapaju: Could you /ˈkʊdʒu/ — /d/ i /j/ daju /dʒ/; Do you know /djə ˈnəʊ/; I was wondering /aɪ wəz ˈwʌndərɪŋ/ — was je slab.

wonder i wander. wonder /ˈwʌndə/ — „pitati se“, s /ʌ/, kao u won. wander /ˈwɒndə/ — „lutati“, s /ɒ/, kao u want. A whether zvuči isto kao weather: /ˈweðə/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you. Could you tell me where the ticket office is?

Of course. It's just over there, on the left, next to the café.

Thank you. And do you happen to know what time the last train to Leeds leaves?

I'm not sure, I'm afraid. I think it's at about eleven, but I don't know if it runs on Sundays. There's a timetable on the wall by the main entrance.

Great. One more thing. I was wondering if you could tell me how to get to the castle. I've got a map, but I can't work out which way to go.

It's about fifteen minutes on foot. Go out of the main entrance, cross the bridge and keep walking along the river. You'll see it on your right.

Do you know whether it's open today? I read somewhere that it was closed for repairs.

I've no idea, sorry. But there's a tourist information centre right next to the castle. Ask them what to see first. You can also walk along the old city walls — the views are wonderful.

Thank you so much. You've been really helpful.

Not at all. Enjoy York!

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

32 min

1. Preoblikuj u uljudno pitanje

  1. Where is the post office? (Could you tell me)
  2. What time does the bank close? (Do you know)
  3. Is this the train to Oxford? (Could you tell me)
  4. How much does a ticket cost? (Do you know)
  5. Where did you buy that coat? (Can you remember)
  6. Does this bus stop at the hospital? (Do you happen to know)
  7. Who lives in that house? (Do you know)
  8. When was this church built? (Do you know)
Prikaži odgovore
Could you tell me where the post office is?; Do you know what time the bank closes?; Could you tell me if this is the train to Oxford? / Could you tell me whether this is the train to Oxford?; Do you know how much a ticket costs?; Can you remember where you bought that coat?; Do you happen to know if this bus stops at the hospital? / Do you happen to know whether this bus stops at the hospital?; Do you know who lives in that house?; Do you know when this church was built?

2. Prepiši pitanje kao odgovor „ne znam“

  1. Where does Anna work? (I don't know)
  2. Is the museum open on Mondays? (I'm not sure)
  3. What time did the film start? (I can't remember)
  4. How old is their house? (I have no idea)
  5. Will it rain tomorrow? (I wonder)
Prikaži odgovore
I don't know where Anna works; I'm not sure if the museum is open on Mondays / I'm not sure whether the museum is open on Mondays; I can't remember what time the film started; I have no idea how old their house is / I've no idea how old their house is; I wonder if it will rain tomorrow / I wonder whether it will rain tomorrow

3. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. Could you tell me where is the nearest bank?
  2. Do you know what time does the shop close?
  3. I don't know where does he live.
  4. Can you tell me is this seat free?
  5. I'm not sure what should I say.
  6. Do you know where did she go?
Prikaži odgovore
Could you tell me where the nearest bank is?; Do you know what time the shop closes?; I don't know where he lives; Can you tell me if this seat is free? / Can you tell me whether this seat is free?; I'm not sure what I should say / I'm not sure what to say; Do you know where she went?

4. Skrati zavisnu rečenicu:

  1. I don't know what I should do.
  2. Could you show me how I can use this machine?
  3. I'm not sure where I should park.
  4. She didn't know who she should ask.
  5. We can't decide whether we should stay or leave.
  6. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
Prikaži odgovore
I don't know what to do; Could you show me how to use this machine?; I'm not sure where to park; She didn't know who to ask; We can't decide whether to stay or leave; Can you tell me which bus to take?

5. Umetni if, where, what, how ili whether.

  1. Do you know the library is open today?
  2. Could you tell me the toilets are?
  3. I can't decide to buy the blue one or the black one
  4. I don't know to spell her surname
  5. Do you have any idea time it is?
Prikaži odgovore
if / whether; where; whether; how; what

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Možete li mi reći gdje je ovdje ljekarna? 2) Znate li ide li ovaj vlak do Londona? 3) Pojma nemam što da joj poklonim. 4) Pitam se zašto nije došao. 5) Možete li mi pokazati kako se koristi ovaj automat?

Prikaži odgovore
Could you tell me where the chemist's is? / Could you tell me where the nearest chemist's is? / Could you tell me where the pharmacy is?; Do you know if this train goes to London? / Do you know whether this train goes to London?; I have no idea what to give her / I've no idea what to give her / I have no idea what to buy her; I wonder why he didn't come / I wonder why he hasn't come; Could you show me how to use this machine? / Can you show me how to use this machine?

7. Sastavi tri uljudna pitanja

prolazniku u nepoznatom gradu — s različitim omotima. 1) Tražiš kolodvor. 2) Želiš saznati u koliko sati se zatvara muzej. 3) Ne znaš koji autobus vozi do zračne luke.

Prikaži odgovore
Excuse me, could you tell me where the station is?; Do you know what time the museum closes?; Do you happen to know which bus goes to the airport?
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: neizravno pitanje — red riječi kao u izjavi, bez do, if i whether u pitanju bez upitne riječi; omoti od Do you know…? do I was wondering if…; upitnik prema omotu; I don't know, I'm not sure, I have no idea + neizravno pitanje; upitna riječ + to. Slijedi lekcija 20: održati razgovor.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 92

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

14 riječi
  • bother /ˈbɒðə/ smetati, uznemiravati
  • wonder /ˈwʌndə/ pitati se, zanimati (koga)
  • happen to /ˈhæpən tə/ slučajno (znati, biti)
  • have no idea /ˌhæv nəʊ aɪˈdɪə/ nemati pojma
  • ticket office /ˈtɪkɪt ˌɒfɪs/ blagajna (za karte)
  • main entrance /ˌmeɪn ˈentrəns/ glavni ulaz
  • cash machine /ˈkæʃ məˌʃiːn/ bankomat
  • chemist's /ˈkemɪsts/ ljekarna
  • which way /ˌwɪtʃ ˈweɪ/ u kojem smjeru, kojim putem
  • work out /ˌwɜːk ˈaʊt/ shvatiti, odgonetnuti
  • repairs /rɪˈpeəz/ popravci, radovi na popravku
  • city walls /ˌsɪti ˈwɔːlz/ gradske zidine
  • surname /ˈsɜːneɪm/ prezime
  • view /vjuː/ pogled

Pisanje

Dijalog od osam replika: u nepoznatom si gradu i prolazniku postavljaš tri uljudna pitanja; na jedno od njih on ne zna odgovor.

Uzorak

— Excuse me, could you tell me where the bus station is? — It's behind the cathedral, about five minutes from here. — Thank you. Do you happen to know which bus goes to the airport? — I'm not sure, I'm afraid. I think it's the number 7. — And I was wondering if you could recommend a good place for lunch. — There's a nice café by the river, but I don't know if it's open on Mondays. — Thanks a lot. — No problem. Have a nice day!

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