语法 剩余核心内容 ~57 分钟

礼貌地提问,说自己不知道

完成本课后你将能够

能向陌生人提问而不像在审问,也能说出自己不知道某件事。

开始课程 核心 57 分钟 · 步骤:6 · 可选:+2

标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。

语法

16 分钟

直接问陌生人 Where is the station?——句子结构没错,可是听起来很生硬,几乎像在下命令,即使前面加了 Excuse me(A1 第21课)也一样。更礼貌的做法是给问题套上一个“外壳”:Could you tell me…?——“请问……?您能告诉我……吗?”,Do you know…?——“您知道……吗?”。这样就得到了间接疑问句——放进另一个句子里的问题。

它的结构你在转述问题时已经见过(第15课):陈述语序,没有 do,一般疑问句用 if。区别只有一个。转述时,你报告的是以前提过的问题,所以时态要后移。这里你是现在提出自己的问题,所以时态和直接提问时一样,不变。

形式:外壳 + 疑问词(或 if)+ 主语 + 动词。

直接提问 间接疑问句
Where is the station? Could you tell me where the station is?
What time does the museum open? Do you know what time the museum opens?
How much did the tickets cost? Can you remember how much the tickets cost?
Is this seat free? Could you tell me if this seat is free?
Does this bus go to the centre? Do you know whether this bus goes to the centre?

有三处同时变化。语序变成陈述语序:先主语,后动词——where the station is。助动词 do、does、did 消失,它们的词尾回到实义动词上:does … open → opens,did … cost → cost。没有疑问词、用“是”或 “不是”回答的问题,要加 if 或 whether——相当于汉语的“是否”“是不是”。

如果疑问词本身就是主语。 在 Who lives here?、What happened? 这样的问题里,语序本来就是陈述语序,也没有 do。所以放进外壳里什么都不用变:Do you know who lives here?,Could you tell me what happened? 可是在 What is that building? 里,主语是 that building,要把它放到动词前面:Do you know what that building is?

外壳——从简单到最委婉:

Do you know where the toilets are? 您知道洗手间在哪儿吗?——问路人的普通问法
Could you tell me how to get to the castle? 请问去城堡怎么走?——礼貌
Do you happen to know if the bank is open? 您知不知道银行现在开没开门?——“碰巧知道吗”
I was wondering if you could help me. 不知道您能不能帮我一下。——最委婉的请求

I was wondering if… 字面意思是“我刚才在想,是不是……”。这里的过去时不表示过去,而是让请求更委婉,就像用 could 代替 can。不带过去时的 I wonder… 意思是“真想知道……”“不知道……”,是自言自语: I wonder where she is.——“不知道她在哪儿。”

问号看外壳。 如果外壳是问句(Do you know…、Could you tell me…),句末用问号。如果外壳是陈述句(I don't know…、I wonder…、I was wondering…),句末用句号,尽管句子里面有疑问词。

说自己不知道。 同样的间接疑问句可以放在 I don't know、I'm not sure、I can't remember、 I have no idea 后面:

I don't know where she lives. 我不知道她住在哪儿。
I'm not sure if the shop is open on Sundays. 我不确定这家店星期天开不开门。
I can't remember where I put my keys. 我想不起来把钥匙放哪儿了。
I have no idea what time it is. 我完全不知道现在几点了。

if 还是 whether。 几乎总是两个都可以;whether 稍微正式一点。这里的 if 意思是“是否”,而不是 “如果”,所以后面可以用将来时:I don't know if he'll come.——“我不知道他会不会来。”“if 后面用现在时代替将来时”的规则(A2 第27课)只适用于“如果”。

和转述比较一下:

Do you know where he lives? 我现在问——时态不变
She asked me where he lived. 报告以前的问题——时态后移(第15课)

疑问词 + to + 动词。 说的是“该做什么”时,从句可以缩短:I don't know what I should do = I don't know what to do。汉语也有这样的说法:“不知道该做什么”。what、where、how、who、 which、when 和 whether 都可以这样用:

I don't know what to say. 我不知道该说什么。
Could you show me how to use this machine? 能给我演示一下这台机器怎么用吗?
I'm not sure where to park. 我不知道车该停在哪儿。
Can you tell me which bus to take? 请问该坐哪路公交车?
We can't decide whether to stay or leave. 我们拿不定主意是留下还是走。

这种形式里,做这个动作的人和主句里的人是同一个,或者是“任何人”。to 前面只能用 whether,不能用 if:whether to stay。

不能这样说。 ✗ I don't know why to go → ✓ I don't know why I should go。why 没有这种缩短形式,只能用完整的从句。

自我检测。 怎样礼貌地问 Where's the nearest cash machine??为什么 I wonder where he is 句末是句号?I don't know what I should say 怎么说得更短?

显示答案
Could you tell me where the nearest cash machine is? 或者 Do you know where the nearest cash machine is?; 外壳 I wonder 是陈述句,不是问句; I don't know what to say.
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中文母语者的常见错误

已针对你的语言编写
1

从句里用疑问语序。

✗ Could you tell me where is the station?

✓ Could you tell me where the station is?

汉语“车站在哪儿?”放进“您知道……吗”里,一个字也不用动,于是英语也把背熟的问句整个搬了进去。可是问题已经由外壳提出了,里面要用陈述语序。

2

从句里还留着 do。

✗ Do you know what time does the museum open?

✓ Do you know what time the museum opens?

外壳里已经有一个 do,第二个是多余的;-s 要回到动词上。

3

一般疑问句不加 if。

✗ Do you know is this seat free?

✓ Do you know if this seat is free?

汉语说“您知道这个座位有没有人吗”,靠“有没有”就表示了问题,不需要连接词。英语要在从句开头加 if 或 whether。

4

I don't know 后面用疑问语序。

✗ I don't know what should I do

✓ I don't know what I should do

或者 I don't know what to do。What should I do? 是背熟的整句,很容易原样放进去。最简单、最稳妥的说法是带 to 的形式:what to do。

发音

4 分钟

间接疑问句是一个句子、一个语调,而不是连着问两个问题:

Could you tell me where the station is ↗

这里的问句是外壳。句末通常用升调;温和的降调也很礼貌,听起来像请求。where 上没有单独的升调:里面的部分按陈述句来读。而 I don't know where it is 根本不是问句——句末用降调 ↘,和转述一样(第15课)。

快速说话时外壳会连读: Could you /ˈkʊdʒu/——/d/ 和 /j/ 合成 /dʒ/;Do you know /djə ˈnəʊ/; I was wondering /aɪ wəz ˈwʌndərɪŋ/——was 弱读。

wonder 和 wander。 wonder /ˈwʌndə/——“想知道”,元音是 /ʌ/,和 won 一样。wander /ˈwɒndə/——“闲逛”,元音是 /ɒ/,和 want 一样。而 whether 和 weather 读音相同:/ˈweðə/。

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课文

5 分钟

Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you. Could you tell me where the ticket office is?

Of course. It's just over there, on the left, next to the café.

Thank you. And do you happen to know what time the last train to Leeds leaves?

I'm not sure, I'm afraid. I think it's at about eleven, but I don't know if it runs on Sundays. There's a timetable on the wall by the main entrance.

Great. One more thing. I was wondering if you could tell me how to get to the castle. I've got a map, but I can't work out which way to go.

It's about fifteen minutes on foot. Go out of the main entrance, cross the bridge and keep walking along the river. You'll see it on your right.

Do you know whether it's open today? I read somewhere that it was closed for repairs.

I've no idea, sorry. But there's a tourist information centre right next to the castle. Ask them what to see first. You can also walk along the old city walls — the views are wonderful.

Thank you so much. You've been really helpful.

Not at all. Enjoy York!

朗读

练习

32 分钟

1. 用括号里的外壳改成礼貌的问句。

  1. Where is the post office? (Could you tell me)
  2. What time does the bank close? (Do you know)
  3. Is this the train to Oxford? (Could you tell me)
  4. How much does a ticket cost? (Do you know)
  5. Where did you buy that coat? (Can you remember)
  6. Does this bus stop at the hospital? (Do you happen to know)
  7. Who lives in that house? (Do you know)
  8. When was this church built? (Do you know)
显示答案
Could you tell me where the post office is?; Do you know what time the bank closes?; Could you tell me if this is the train to Oxford? / Could you tell me whether this is the train to Oxford?; Do you know how much a ticket costs?; Can you remember where you bought that coat?; Do you happen to know if this bus stops at the hospital? / Do you happen to know whether this bus stops at the hospital?; Do you know who lives in that house?; Do you know when this church was built?

2. 把问题改写成“不知道”的回答

  1. Where does Anna work? (I don't know)
  2. Is the museum open on Mondays? (I'm not sure)
  3. What time did the film start? (I can't remember)
  4. How old is their house? (I have no idea)
  5. Will it rain tomorrow? (I wonder)
显示答案
I don't know where Anna works; I'm not sure if the museum is open on Mondays / I'm not sure whether the museum is open on Mondays; I can't remember what time the film started; I have no idea how old their house is / I've no idea how old their house is; I wonder if it will rain tomorrow / I wonder whether it will rain tomorrow

3. 找出错误并改正。

  1. Could you tell me where is the nearest bank?
  2. Do you know what time does the shop close?
  3. I don't know where does he live.
  4. Can you tell me is this seat free?
  5. I'm not sure what should I say.
  6. Do you know where did she go?
显示答案
Could you tell me where the nearest bank is?; Do you know what time the shop closes?; I don't know where he lives; Can you tell me if this seat is free? / Can you tell me whether this seat is free?; I'm not sure what I should say / I'm not sure what to say; Do you know where she went?

4. 把从句缩短:

  1. I don't know what I should do.
  2. Could you show me how I can use this machine?
  3. I'm not sure where I should park.
  4. She didn't know who she should ask.
  5. We can't decide whether we should stay or leave.
  6. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
显示答案
I don't know what to do; Could you show me how to use this machine?; I'm not sure where to park; She didn't know who to ask; We can't decide whether to stay or leave; Can you tell me which bus to take?

5. 填入 if、where、what、how 或 whether。

  1. Do you know the library is open today?
  2. Could you tell me the toilets are?
  3. I can't decide to buy the blue one or the black one
  4. I don't know to spell her surname
  5. Do you have any idea time it is?
显示答案
if / whether; where; whether; how; what

6. 译成英语。

1) 请问,附近的药店在哪儿? 2) 您知道这趟火车去不去伦敦吗? 3) 我完全不知道该送她什么。 4) 我真想知道他为什么没来。 5) 能给我演示一下这台机器怎么用吗?

显示答案
Could you tell me where the chemist's is? / Could you tell me where the nearest chemist's is? / Could you tell me where the pharmacy is?; Do you know if this train goes to London? / Do you know whether this train goes to London?; I have no idea what to give her / I've no idea what to give her / I have no idea what to buy her; I wonder why he didn't come / I wonder why he hasn't come; Could you show me how to use this machine? / Can you show me how to use this machine?

7. 向陌生城市里的路人提三个礼貌的问题

——每个用不同的外壳。 1) 你在找火车站。 2) 你想知道博物馆几点关门。 3) 你不知道哪路公交车去机场。

显示答案
Excuse me, could you tell me where the station is?; Do you know what time the museum closes?; Do you happen to know which bus goes to the airport?
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小结

本课已学:间接疑问句——陈述语序,不用 do,一般疑问句用 if 和 whether;从 Do you know…? 到 I was wondering if… 的各种外壳;问号看外壳;I don't know、I'm not sure、I have no idea + 间接疑问句;疑问词 + to。下一课——第20课:把谈话接下去。

核心内容结束

完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。

第 92 课

可选

词卡词汇

14 词
  • bother /ˈbɒðə/ 打扰
  • wonder /ˈwʌndə/ 想知道,琢磨
  • happen to /ˈhæpən tə/ 碰巧(知道、在场)
  • have no idea /ˌhæv nəʊ aɪˈdɪə/ 完全不知道
  • ticket office /ˈtɪkɪt ˌɒfɪs/ 售票处
  • main entrance /ˌmeɪn ˈentrəns/ 正门,主入口
  • cash machine /ˈkæʃ məˌʃiːn/ 自动取款机
  • chemist's /ˈkemɪsts/ 药店
  • which way /ˌwɪtʃ ˈweɪ/ 往哪边,朝哪个方向
  • work out /ˌwɜːk ˈaʊt/ 弄明白,想出来
  • repairs /rɪˈpeəz/ 维修,修缮
  • city walls /ˌsɪti ˈwɔːlz/ 城墙
  • surname /ˈsɜːneɪm/ 姓
  • view /vjuː/ 景色,风景

写作

写一段八句话的对话:你在一个陌生的城市,向路人提三个礼貌的问题;其中有一个问题他不知道答案。

范例: — Excuse me, could you tell me where the bus station is? — It's behind the cathedral, about five minutes from here. — Thank you. Do you happen to know which bus goes to the airport? — I'm not sure, I'm afraid. I think it's the number 7. — And I was wondering if you could recommend a good place for lunch. — There's a nice café by the river, but I don't know if it's open on Mondays. — Thanks a lot. — No problem. Have a nice day!

检查清单:间接疑问句里用的是陈述语序吗?do、does、did 去掉了,词尾回到动词上了吗?一般疑问句用了 if 或 whether 吗?只有外壳是问句时才用问号吗?

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