说泛指的和特指的
能有意识地选择冠词——包括知道什么时候不该用冠词。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长，因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
18 分钟冠词你从最初几课就见过了：a 和 an（A1 第2课），a 和 the（A1 第14课），地名前的冠词和 go to school（A2 第16课）。每次都只学了一小块。这一课把它们拼成一个体系，几乎什么情况都能解决。
汉语没有冠词，所以冠词好像只是装饰。其实不是：a car 和 the car 是两个不同的信息。前一个是“某辆车，你还没听说过”，后一个是“就是那辆，你知道是哪辆”。
三个问题——按顺序问。
| 问题 | 如果回答“是” |
|---|---|
| 听话人知道说的是哪一个吗？ | the |
| 不知道。这是一个可数的东西——“某个”“……之一”吗？ | a / an |
| 不是。这是复数或者不可数名词，泛指一般的情况吗？ | 不用冠词 |
听话人知道是哪一个的时候。 前面已经提到过：I bought a jacket and a scarf. The jacket is blue. 在这个情境里只有一个：Could you close the door?，the kitchen（这套房子里的），the station（这座城市里的）。对所有人来说都是同一个：the sun，the sea，the government。后面有词语限定它： the man in the grey coat，the book I'm reading，the history of Wales。
用 a 或 an 的时候。 第一次提到：There's a new café in our street. 许多中的一个：She works in a bank. 表示职业或者描述：She's a nurse. It's a lovely day. What a surprise! 还有“每”的意思：twice a week，£12 an hour。
泛指和特指——本课最重要的一对。 汉语“书很贵”和“我桌上的书是图书馆的”里，“书”是同一个词。英语里这是两种不同的情况。说一般的事物、整个一类东西时，不用冠词——用复数或者不可数名词。说具体的东西时，用 the。
| 泛指——不用冠词 | 特指——用 the |
|---|---|
| Books are expensive. | The books on my desk are from the library. |
| I like coffee. | The coffee in this café is terrible. |
| Children learn languages fast. | The children next door are very loud. |
| Life is short. | The life of a nurse is hard. |
| Music helps me relax. | The music at the wedding was great. |
形容词不会让东西变成特指：modern art，British history，fresh bread——仍然是泛指，不用冠词。可是名词后面的限定成分——带 of、带 in 的短语，从句——几乎总是让它变成特指：the art of the Renaissance，the bread you bought。但 life in London、life in a big city 指的是那里的生活总体，所以仍然不加冠词。
习惯上不用冠词。
| 泛指的食物、饮料、物质 | I don't eat meat. |
| 语言、学科、体育运动 | She speaks German. I play tennis. |
| 一日三餐 | We had lunch at one. |
| by 后面的交通工具 | We went by train. |
| 按用途去的地方（A2 第16课） | go to work, school, bed; be in hospital |
| 国家、城市、街道 | Spain, Edinburgh, Oxford Street |
| next、last——以今天为准 | next week, last year |
总是用 the。 最高级和序数词：the best film，the first time。the same、the only。乐器： play the piano——可是体育运动不用冠词：play football。常去的娱乐场所：go to the cinema，go to the theatre，listen to the radio——可是 watch TV。一天中的时段：in the morning，in the evening——可是 at night。整个民族：the British，the Romans。
another、the other、others——还是同一个体系。 汉语的“另一个”“再一个”“别的”“其余的”，英语里分成好几种形式。选择它们靠的还是那三个问题：这些词里面要么已经有冠词，要么出于同样的原因没有冠词。
| 形式 | 里面有什么 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| another + 单数 | an + other | 再一个；随便另一个 | Can I have another coffee? |
| the other + 单数 | the + other | 两个中的另一个，剩下的那个 | One shoe is here. Where's the other one? |
| other + 复数 | 没有冠词 | 一般的其他的，别的 | Other people think differently. |
| the other + 复数 | the + other | 已知的一组里其余的 | Tom is here. The other guests are in the garden. |
| others | 不带名词 | 一般的其他人或东西 | Some people like it; others don't. |
| the others | 不带名词 | 已知的一组里其余所有的 | Two of us came by car, and the others walked. |
another 就是 an + other，所以连写，而且和 a 一样，意思是“许多中的一个，随便哪个”。它不和复数连用；例外是带数字的时候：another two days——“再过两天”。the other 和 the 的道理一样：听话人知道是哪一个，因为只剩下它（或者它们）了。复数前不带冠词的 other 就像不带冠词的泛指：“一般的别的”，具体是哪些无所谓。others 和 the others 意思相同，但是代替名词：只有单独使用的词才加 -s。所以说 other people 或者只说 others，不说 others people。也没有 the another 这种说法：another 里已经有冠词了。each other——“互相”（A2 第24课）——是另一个固定搭配。
比较一下：
| I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and the other lives in Cardiff. | 两个姐妹——另一个是确定的 |
| I've got three sisters. One lives in York, and the others live in Cardiff. | 其余的——剩下的所有人 |
| I've got five sisters. One lives in York, and another lives in Cardiff. | 几个中的又一个 |
看中文怎么选。 中文的说法常常能给出提示。“这个”“那个”“就是那个”“说过的那个”——是 the。“一个” “某个”“有个”“……之一”——是 a。如果按意思这两类词都加不上，而且说的是一般的事物——就不用冠词。还要记住： my、your、this、that、Tom's 占了冠词的位置，所以不和冠词一起用——说 my car，不说 the my car。
不能这样说。 ✗ What nice surprise! → ✓ What a nice surprise! What 后面如果是可数名词单数，要加 a。
自我检测。 “我喜欢狗”和“我们这条街上的狗整夜叫”怎么说？___ British history 需要冠词吗？“我有两辆车：一辆是蓝的，另一辆是红的”怎么说？
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中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写完全不用冠词。
✗ I bought car，✗ She is doctor → ✓ I bought a car，She's a doctor。汉语没有冠词，“我买了车”“她是医生”什么都不用加，所以说快了就把冠词丢掉。可是可数名词单数前面总要有冠词（或者 my、this）。
泛指的名词前加 the。
✗ The life is short → ✓ Life is short。✗ The money isn't everything → ✓ Money isn't everything。这是反方向的错误：记住了 the 以后，就在每个重要的名词前面都加上它。I like the coffee 要小心：这句话没有错，可是意思是“我喜欢这儿的咖啡”，不是“我喜欢喝咖啡”。
不可数名词前加 a。
✗ a good news，✗ an information → ✓ some good news，some information。汉语说“一个好消息”“一条信息”，这些东西好像能数。可是英语的 news、information 是不可数名词，advice（第16课）也一样。“一份工作”是 a job，不是 ✗ a work。
固定不用冠词的地方加了冠词。
✗ We had a lunch at one → ✓ We had lunch at one。✗ I play the football → ✓ I play football。✗ I go to work by the bus → ✓ I go to work by bus。一日三餐、 by 后面的交通工具、体育运动都不用冠词；只有乐器用 the：play the piano。
another 加复数，others 加名词。
✗ another people，✗ others people → ✓ other people。汉语的“另外”“别的”不分单数复数（“另外一个人”“另外几个人”），于是复数前也用上了熟悉的 another。英语的 another 只跟单数（里面有 an），others 后面不跟名词。
发音
4 分钟两个冠词都不重读，几乎听不见： a 读 /ə/——不要读成字母名 /eɪ/；an 读 /ən/。
the 在辅音前读 /ðə/，在元音前读 /ði/。 看的是读音，不是字母：the university /ðə ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/——这个词以 /j/ 音开头；the hour /ði ˈaʊə/——h 不发音。同样，a university，但是 an hour（A1 第12课）。
冠词和后面的词连读： an apple /ənˈæpl/，the end /ðiˈend/。
another 和 others： /əˈnʌðə/——重音在第二个音节，开头弱读，和冠词 an 一样；/ˈʌðəz/——浊音 /ð/ 和 /z/。
重读的 the /ðiː/ 只用来强调： He's the expert on this.——“他才是这方面真正的专家。”其余时候 the 都弱读。
课文
5 分钟Books are expensive, so I hardly ever buy them. Instead, I go to the library near my office twice a week. It's an old building — it was built in 1910 — and it has two reading rooms. One is for children, and the other is on the first floor. It's the quietest place I know.
The library has a good collection of history books. History was my favourite subject at school, and I still read about the past more than anything else. At the moment I'm reading a book about the Romans in Britain. The book is huge, and I can only keep it for three weeks, so I'm reading it on the train every morning. Next week I'll ask for another three weeks.
The staff are very friendly. There's a librarian called Mr Hughes who always recommends something new. Last month he gave me a novel by a Welsh writer I had never heard of. The novel was strange but beautiful, and I finished it in a weekend.
People say that libraries are dying. I'm not sure that's true. On a Saturday morning the library is full: students, children with their parents, old men reading the newspapers. Some people come to study; others just want a warm, quiet place to sit. Libraries are still the best free places in town.
练习
32 分钟1. 填入 a、an、the
- I bought new jacket yesterday. jacket is dark blue
- children learn languages faster than adults
- Could you close window, please?
- I don't eat meat, but I eat fish
- We usually go to bed at eleven
- It was best holiday of my life
- My brother plays guitar, and I play tennis
- We go to the cinema twice month
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2. 配对。
- I love dogs.
- Life is short.
- The dogs in our street bark all night.
- The life of a nurse is hard.
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3. 找出错误并改正。
- She is teacher at my son's school.
- The life is too short for bad coffee.
- I have a good news for you.
- We had a lunch in a small café.
- You should ask another people about it.
- Can you give me an information about the trains?
- My sister plays the piano and I play the football.
- I usually go to work by the bus.
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4. 改写成特指：
- I like coffee. (in this café)
- Children are noisy. (next door)
- Flowers are beautiful. (in your garden)
- History is interesting. (of this town)
- Cheese is expensive. (in this shop)
- Students work hard. (in my class)
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5. 改正：补上漏掉的冠词。
- Man in grey coat is our new teacher.
- I've got idea: let's go to cinema.
- Sun was shining, so we had lunch in garden.
- My brother is engineer and plays guitar in band.
- Moon was very bright last night.
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6. 填入 another、other、the other、others 或 the others。
- This cake is delicious. Can I have piece?
- Some people love working from home; hate it
- I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and lives in Cardiff
- Tom is here, but where are ? The film starts in five minutes
- Don't just ask me — ask people what they think
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7. 译成英语。
1) 我不爱喝咖啡，可是这家咖啡馆的咖啡好极了。 2) 我姐姐是医生。 3) 大城市里的生活很贵。 4) 我们坐火车去上班。 5) 那是我一生中最美好的一天。 6) 能再给我一杯茶吗？
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小结
本课已学：选择冠词的三个问题；听话人怎么知道是哪一个；a 用于第一次提到、“……之一”、职业、twice a week；泛指不用冠词，特指用 the；形容词不会让东西变成特指；固定不用冠词和总是用 the 的情况； another、other、the other、others、the others 也属于同一个体系。下一课——第24课：复习第19–23课。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
17 词- library /ˈlaɪbrəri/ 图书馆
- reading room /ˈriːdɪŋ ruːm/ 阅览室
- librarian /laɪˈbreəriən/ 图书管理员
- collection /kəˈlekʃn/ 收藏，藏品
- subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ 学科，科目
- the past /ðə ˈpɑːst/ 过去
- huge /hjuːdʒ/ 巨大的
- Welsh /welʃ/ 威尔士的
- government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ 政府
- scarf /skɑːf/ 围巾
- news /njuːz/ 新闻，消息
- modern art /ˌmɒdn ˈɑːt/ 现代艺术
- the moon /ðə ˈmuːn/ 月亮
- free /friː/ 免费的
- another /əˈnʌðə/ 再一个，另一个
- others /ˈʌðəz/ 别的人，别的东西
- the others /ði ˈʌðəz/ 其余的人，其余的东西
写作
写六个句子，说说你常去的一个地方：图书馆、咖啡馆、公园、健身房。三种冠词情况都要用到，至少要有一个不用冠词的泛指说法，还要有一个 another、the other 或者 others。
范例： There's a small park near my flat. I go there every morning before work. The park has a pond and an old bench under a tree. The bench is my favourite place. People often say that parks are boring, but I think nature is the best medicine. In the evening some people come to run, and others just walk their dogs.
检查清单：第一次提到用 a 了吗？泛指的复数或者不可数名词没有加冠词吧？听话人知道的或者唯一的东西用 the 了吗？职业前面用 a 了吗？another 只跟单数，others 后面不跟名词吗？