Gramatika ~59 min od osnove preostalo

Govoriti o opštem i o konkretnom

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu svesno da izaberem član — i tamo gde ga ne sme biti.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 59 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

18 min

Članove si sretao od prvih lekcija: a i an (A1 #2), a i the (A1 #14), član uz nazive i go to school (A2 #16). Svaki put — po delić. Ovde se sklapaju u sistem koji rešava skoro svaki slučaj.

U srpskom članova nema, pa izgleda da su tu radi ukrasa. Nije tako: a car i the car su dve različite poruke. Prva — „neki auto, o njemu još nisi čuo“, druga — „baš taj, znaš koji“.

Tri pitanja — redom.

pitanje ako je odgovor „da“
Da li slušalac zna o kom je predmetu reč? the
Ne. Da li je to jedan brojiv predmet — „neki“, „jedan od“? a / an
Ne. Da li je to množina ili nebrojiva imenica, u opštem smislu? bez člana

Kada slušalac zna o kom je predmetu reč. Predmet je već pomenut: I bought a jacket and a scarf. The jacket is blue. Jedini je u toj situaciji: Could you close the door?, the kitchen (u ovom stanu), the station (u ovom gradu). Jedan je za sve: the sun, the sea, the government. Određuju ga reči posle njega: the man in the grey coat, the book I'm reading, the history of Wales.

Kada a ili an. Predmet se pominje prvi put: There's a new café in our street. Jedan je od mnogih: She works in a bank. To je zanimanje ili opis: She's a nurse. It's a lovely day. What a surprise! I u značenju „po, na“: twice a week, £12 an hour.

Opšte nasuprot konkretnom — glavni par lekcije. Na srpskom su „knjige“ u „knjige su skupe“ i u „knjige na mom stolu su iz biblioteke“ ista reč. U engleskom su to dva različita slučaja. O predmetu uopšte, o celoj vrsti, govori se bez člana — u množini ili sa nebrojivom imenicom. O konkretnim predmetima — sa the.

opšte — bez člana konkretno — sa the
Books are expensive. The books on my desk are from the library.
I like coffee. The coffee in this café is terrible.
Children learn languages fast. The children next door are very loud.
Life is short. The life of a nurse is hard.
Music helps me relax. The music at the wedding was great.

Pridev ne čini predmet konkretnim: modern art, British history, fresh bread — i dalje opšte, bez člana. A dodatak posle reči — sa of, sa in, zavisna rečenica — skoro uvek ga čini konkretnim: the art of the Renaissance, the bread you bought. Ali life in London, life in a big city znači život tamo uopšte, pa i dalje ostaje bez člana.

Bez člana po navici.

hrana, pića, materije uopšte I don't eat meat.
jezici, školski predmeti, sportovi She speaks German. I play tennis.
obroci We had lunch at one.
prevoz posle by We went by train.
mesta prema nameni (A2 #16) go to work, school, bed; be in hospital
zemlje, gradovi, ulice Spain, Edinburgh, Oxford Street
next, last — računajući od danas next week, last year

Uvek sa the. Superlativ i redni brojevi: the best film, the first time. Reči the same, the only. Muzički instrumenti: play the piano — ali sportovi bez člana: play football. Uobičajena mesta za izlazak: go to the cinema, go to the theatre, listen to the radio — ali watch TV. Delovi dana: in the morning, in the evening — ali at night. Narod u celini: the British, the Romans.

another, the other, others — isti sistem. Srpska „drugi“, „još jedan“, „ostali“ u engleskom se dele na nekoliko oblika. Pri izboru pomažu ista tri pitanja kao kod člana: u ovim rečima član ili već postoji, ili ga nema iz istih razloga.

oblik šta je unutra značenje primer
another + jednina an + other još jedan; neki drugi Can I have another coffee?
the other + jednina the + other drugi od dva, preostali One shoe is here. Where's the other one?
other + množina bez člana drugi uopšte, neki drugi Other people think differently.
the other + množina the + other ostali iz poznate grupe Tom is here. The other guests are in the garden.
others bez imenice drugi uopšte Some people like it; others don't.
the others bez imenice svi ostali od poznatih Two of us came by car, and the others walked.

another je an + other, zato se piše spojeno i, kao a, znači „jedan od mnogih, bilo koji“. Ne stoji uz množinu; izuzetak je sa brojem: another two days — „još dva dana“. the other radi kao the: slušalac zna koji, jer je ostao samo on (ili samo oni). other bez člana ispred množine — kao opšti pojam bez člana: „drugi uopšte“, nije važno koji. others i the others znače isto, ali stoje umesto imenice: nastavak -s dobija samo reč koja stoji sama. Zato other people ili samo others, ali ne others people. A the another ne postoji: član u another već postoji. each other — „jedan drugog“ (A2 #24) — posebna je veza.

Uporedi:

I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and the other lives in Cardiff. sestre su dve — druga je poznata
I've got three sisters. One lives in York, and the others live in Cardiff. ostale — sve koje su preostale
I've got five sisters. One lives in York, and another lives in Cardiff. još jedna od nekoliko

Kako prevoditi. Srpske reči često nagoveštavaju član. „Ovaj“, „taj“, „baš taj“, „onaj o kome smo pričali“ — to je the. „Jedan“, „neki“, „nekakav“, „jedan od“ — to je a. Ako se po smislu ne može staviti ni jedno ni drugo, a reč je o predmetima uopšte — člana nema. I zapamti: my, your, this, that, Tom's zauzimaju mesto člana, pa ne stoje zajedno sa njim — my car, a ne the my car.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ What nice surprise! → ✓ What a nice surprise! Posle What sa brojivom imenicom u jednini potreban je a.

Proveri se. Kako reći „Volim pse“ i „Psi u našoj ulici laju celu noć“? Da li je potreban član u ___ British history? Kako reći „Imam dva auta: jedan je plav, drugi crven“?

prikaži odgovore
I love dogs — psi uopšte, bez člana; The dogs in our street bark all night — konkretni psi; nije potreban: pridev ne čini predmet konkretnim; I've got two cars: one is blue, and the other is red — auta su dva, a drugi je jedini preostali, zato the other.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Člana uopšte nema

✗ I bought car

✗ She is doctor

✓ I bought a car

She's a doctor. U srpskom te kategorije nema, i „kupio sam auto“, „ona je lekar“ prelaze reč po reč. Ali brojiva imenica u jednini uvek ima član (ili my, this).

2

the ispred opšteg pojma

✗ The life is short → ✓ Life is short. ✗ The money isn't everything → ✓ Money isn't everything. Obrnuta greška: čim se nauči the, stavlja se ispred svake važne reči. Oprezno i sa I like the coffee: rečenica je ispravna, ali znači „sviđa mi se ova kafa — ovde“, a ne „volim kafu“.

3

a uz nebrojivu imenicu

✗ a good news, ✗ an information, ✗ a work u značenju „posao, radno mesto“ → ✓ some good news, some information, a job. Na srpskom se „vest“, „informacija“, „posao“ broje: „jedna vest“, „dva posla“. U engleskom su news, information, work nebrojive, kao i advice (B1 #16).

4

Član tamo gde ga po navici nema

✗ I go to the bed at eleven → ✓ I go to bed at eleven. ✗ We had a lunch at one → ✓ We had lunch at one. Obroci i mesta „prema nameni“ su ustaljeni slučajevi bez člana.

5

another uz množinu i others ispred imenice

✗ another people

✗ others people

✓ other people

Srpsko „drugi“ je jedna reč za sve slučajeve, pa se uz „druge ljude“ lako stavi another. Ali another ide samo uz jedninu (u njemu je an), a others stoji bez imenice.

Izgovor

4 min

Oba člana su nenaglašena i skoro se ne čuju: a /ə/ — nikad kao srpsko „a“ niti kao „ej“; an /ən/.

the ispred suglasnika — /ðə/, ispred samoglasnika — /ði/. Odlučuje glas, a ne slovo: the university /ðə ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ — reč počinje glasom /j/; the hour /ði ˈaʊə/ — h se ne izgovara. Isto tako a university, ali an hour (A1 #12).

Član se spaja sa sledećom reči: an apple /ənˈæpl/, the end /ðiˈend/.

another i others: /əˈnʌðə/ — naglasak na drugom slogu, početak je slab, kao kod člana an; /ˈʌðəz/ — zvučni /ð/ i /z/.

Naglašeno the /ðiː/ — samo pri isticanju: He's the expert on this. — „On je baš taj, glavni stručnjak.“ U svim ostalim slučajevima the je slabo.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Books are expensive, so I hardly ever buy them. Instead, I go to the library near my office twice a week. It's an old building — it was built in 1910 — and it has two reading rooms. One is for children, and the other is on the first floor. It's the quietest place I know.

The library has a good collection of history books. History was my favourite subject at school, and I still read about the past more than anything else. At the moment I'm reading a book about the Romans in Britain. The book is huge, and I can only keep it for three weeks, so I'm reading it on the train every morning. Next week I'll ask for another three weeks.

The staff are very friendly. There's a librarian called Mr Hughes who always recommends something new. Last month he gave me a novel by a Welsh writer I had never heard of. The novel was strange but beautiful, and I finished it in a weekend.

People say that libraries are dying. I'm not sure that's true. On a Saturday morning the library is full: students, children with their parents, old men reading the newspapers. Some people come to study; others just want a warm, quiet place to sit. Libraries are still the best free places in town.

Vežbe

32 min

1. Upiši a, an, the

  1. I bought new jacket yesterday. jacket is dark blue
  2. children learn languages faster than adults
  3. Could you close window, please?
  4. I don't eat meat, but I eat fish
  5. We usually go to bed at eleven
  6. It was best holiday of my life
  7. My brother plays guitar, and I play tennis
  8. We go to the cinema twice month
Prikaži odgovore
a / The; —; the; — / —; —; the; the / —; a

2. Povezivanje.

  1. I love dogs.
  2. Life is short.
  3. The dogs in our street bark all night.
  4. The life of a nurse is hard.
Prikaži odgovore
uopšte — `I love dogs.`, `Life is short.`; konkretni — `The dogs in our street bark all night.`, `The life of a nurse is hard.`

3. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. She is teacher at my son's school.
  2. The life is too short for bad coffee.
  3. I have a good news for you.
  4. We had a lunch in a small café.
  5. You should ask another people about it.
  6. Can you give me an information about the trains?
  7. My sister plays the piano and I play the football.
  8. I usually go to work by the bus.
Prikaži odgovore
She is a teacher at my son's school / She's a teacher at my son's school; Life is too short for bad coffee; I have some good news for you / I've got some good news for you / I have good news for you; We had lunch in a small café; You should ask other people about it / You should ask some other people about it; Can you give me some information about the trains? / Can you give me information about the trains?; My sister plays the piano and I play football; I usually go to work by bus

4. Prepiši o konkretnom:

  1. I like coffee. (in this café)
  2. Children are noisy. (next door)
  3. Flowers are beautiful. (in your garden)
  4. History is interesting. (of this town)
  5. Cheese is expensive. (in this shop)
  6. Students work hard. (in my class)
Prikaži odgovore
I like the coffee in this café; The children next door are noisy; The flowers in your garden are beautiful; The history of this town is interesting; The cheese in this shop is expensive; The students in my class work hard

5. Ispravi: vrati izostavljene članove.

  1. Man in grey coat is our new teacher.
  2. I've got idea: let's go to cinema.
  3. Sun was shining, so we had lunch in garden.
  4. My brother is engineer and plays guitar in band.
  5. Moon was very bright last night.
Prikaži odgovore
The man in the grey coat is our new teacher; I've got an idea: let's go to the cinema; The sun was shining, so we had lunch in the garden; My brother is an engineer and plays the guitar in a band / My brother is an engineer and plays the guitar in the band; The moon was very bright last night

6. Upiši another, other, the other, others ili the others.

  1. This cake is delicious. Can I have piece?
  2. Some people love working from home; hate it
  3. I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and lives in Cardiff
  4. Tom is here, but where are ? The film starts in five minutes
  5. Don't just ask me — ask people what they think
Prikaži odgovore
another; others; the other; the others; other

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Ne volim kafu, ali kafa u ovom kafiću je odlična. 2) Moja sestra je lekarka. 3) Život u velikom gradu je skup. 4) Na posao idemo vozom. 5) To je bio najlepši dan u mom životu. 6) Mogu li da dobijem još jednu šolju čaja?

Prikaži odgovore
I don't like coffee, but the coffee in this café is excellent / I don't like coffee, but the coffee in this café is great; My sister is a doctor / My sister's a doctor; Life in a big city is expensive; We go to work by train / We travel to work by train; It was the best day of my life; Could I have another cup of tea? / Can I have another cup of tea?
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: tri pitanja za izbor člana; odakle slušalac zna o kom je predmetu reč; a pri prvom pominjanju, „jedan od“, zanimanje, twice a week; opšte bez člana nasuprot konkretnom sa the; pridev ne čini predmet konkretnim; ustaljeni slučajevi bez člana i uvek sa the; another, other, the other, others, the others kao deo istog sistema. Sledi lekcija 24: ponavljanje lekcija 19–23.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 96

opciono

Reči za špil

17 reči
  • library /ˈlaɪbrəri/ biblioteka
  • reading room /ˈriːdɪŋ ruːm/ čitaonica
  • librarian /laɪˈbreəriən/ bibliotekar
  • collection /kəˈlekʃn/ zbirka, kolekcija
  • subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ školski predmet
  • the past /ðə ˈpɑːst/ prošlost
  • huge /hjuːdʒ/ ogroman
  • Welsh /welʃ/ velški
  • government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ vlada
  • scarf /skɑːf/ šal
  • news /njuːz/ vesti
  • modern art /ˌmɒdn ˈɑːt/ savremena umetnost
  • the moon /ðə ˈmuːn/ mesec (na nebu)
  • free /friː/ besplatan
  • another /əˈnʌðə/ drugi, još jedan
  • others /ˈʌðəz/ drugi
  • the others /ði ˈʌðəz/ ostali

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o mestu gde često ideš: biblioteka, kafić, park, teretana. Potrebni su članovi sve tri vrste, bar jedna opšta tvrdnja bez člana i jedno another, the other ili others.

Primer

There's a small park near my flat. I go there every morning before work. The park has a pond and an old bench under a tree. The bench is my favourite place. People often say that parks are boring, but I think nature is the best medicine. In the evening some people come to run, and others just walk their dogs.

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