Povedati o splošnem in o konkretnem
Znam člen izbrati zavestno — tudi tam, kjer ga ne sme biti.
Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.
Slovnica
18 minČleni so se pojavljali od prvih lekcij: a in an (A1 #2), a in the (A1 #14), člen pri imenih in go to school (A2 #16). Vsakič po en košček. Tu se sestavijo v sistem, ki reši skoraj vsak primer.
Slovenščina členov nima, zato se zdi, da so samo za okras. Ni tako: a car in the car sta dve različni sporočili. Prvo pomeni „neki avto, o njem še nisi slišal“, drugo — „tisti avto, saj veš, kateri“.
Tri vprašanja — po vrsti.
| vprašanje | če „da“ |
|---|---|
| Ali poslušalec ve, za kateri predmet gre? | the |
| Ne. Je to en števni predmet — „neki“, „eden od“? | a / an |
| Ne. Je to množina ali neštevno, v splošnem pomenu? | brez člena |
Kdaj poslušalec ve, za katerega gre. Predmet je bil že omenjen: I bought a jacket and a scarf. The jacket is blue. V tem položaju je en sam: Could you close the door?, the kitchen (v tem stanovanju), the station (v tem mestu). Je en za vse: the sun, the sea, the government. Natančneje ga določijo besede za njim: the man in the grey coat, the book I'm reading, the history of Wales.
Kdaj a ali an. Predmet omenimo prvič: There's a new café in our street. Je eden od mnogih: She works in a bank. Je poklic ali opis: She's a nurse. It's a lovely day. What a surprise! In v pomenu „na“: twice a week, £12 an hour.
Splošno proti konkretnemu — glavni par lekcije. V slovenščini so „knjige“ v „knjige so drage“ in v „knjige na moji mizi so iz knjižnice“ ista beseda. V angleščini sta to dva različna primera. O stvari na splošno, o vsej vrsti, govorimo brez člena — v množini ali z neštevno besedo. O konkretnih stvareh — s the.
| splošno — brez člena | konkretno — s the |
|---|---|
| Books are expensive. | The books on my desk are from the library. |
| I like coffee. | The coffee in this café is terrible. |
| Children learn languages fast. | The children next door are very loud. |
| Life is short. | The life of a nurse is hard. |
| Music helps me relax. | The music at the wedding was great. |
Pridevnik predmeta ne naredi konkretnega: modern art, British history, fresh bread — še vedno splošno, brez člena. Določilo za besedo — z of, z in, odvisnik — pa ga skoraj vedno naredi: the art of the Renaissance, the bread you bought. A life in London, life in a big city je življenje tam na splošno, zato še vedno brez člena.
Brez člena po navadi.
| hrana, pijača, snovi na splošno | I don't eat meat. |
| jeziki, predmeti, športi | She speaks German. I play tennis. |
| obroki | We had lunch at one. |
| prevoz za by | We went by train. |
| kraji po namenu (A2 #16) | go to work, school, bed; be in hospital |
| države, mesta, ulice | Spain, Edinburgh, Oxford Street |
| next, last — od današnjega dne | next week, last year |
Vedno s the. Presežnik in vrstilni števniki: the best film, the first time. Besedi the same, the only. Glasbila: play the piano — a športi brez člena: play football. Običajni kraji zabave: go to the cinema, go to the theatre, listen to the radio — a watch TV. Deli dneva: in the morning, in the evening — a at night. Ljudstvo kot celota: the British, the Romans.
another, the other, others — isti sistem. Slovenski „drug“, „še en“, „ostali“ se v angleščini razdelijo na več oblik. Pri izbiri pomagajo ista tri vprašanja kot pri členu: v teh besedah je člen že notri ali ga ni iz istih razlogov.
| oblika | kaj je notri | pomen | primer |
|---|---|---|---|
| another + ed. | an + other | še en; neki drug | Can I have another coffee? |
| the other + ed. | the + other | drugi od dveh, preostali | One shoe is here. Where's the other one? |
| other + mn. | brez člena | drugi na splošno, še kakšni | Other people think differently. |
| the other + mn. | the + other | ostali iz znane skupine | Tom is here. The other guests are in the garden. |
| others | brez samostalnika | drugi na splošno | Some people like it; others don't. |
| the others | brez samostalnika | vsi ostali iz znanih | Two of us came by car, and the others walked. |
another je an + other, zato se piše skupaj in, kot a, pomeni „eden od mnogih, katerikoli“. Z množino ne stoji; izjema je s števnikom: another two days — „še dva dni“. the other deluje kot the: poslušalec ve, za katerega gre, ker je ostal samo ta (ali samo ti). other brez člena pred množino je kot splošni pojem brez člena: „drugi na splošno“, kateri, ni pomembno. others in the others pomenita isto, a stojita namesto samostalnika: končnico -s dobi samo beseda, ki stoji sama. Zato other people ali samo others, ne pa others people. In the another ne obstaja: člen je v another že notri. each other — „drug drugega“ (A2 #24) — je posebna zveza.
Primerjaj:
| I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and the other lives in Cardiff. | sestri sta dve — druga je znana |
| I've got three sisters. One lives in York, and the others live in Cardiff. | ostali — vse, ki so ostale |
| I've got five sisters. One lives in York, and another lives in Cardiff. | še ena od več |
Kako prevajati. Slovenske besede člen pogosto namignejo. „Ta“, „tisti“, „tisti, o katerem smo govorili“ — to je the. „En“, „neki“, „nek“, „eden od“ — to je a. Če po pomenu ne moreš vstaviti ne enega ne drugega, govoriš pa o stvareh na splošno, člena ni. In zapomni si: my, your, this, that, Tom's zasedejo mesto člena, zato z njim ne stojijo — my car, ne the my car.
Tako se ne reče. ✗ What nice surprise! → ✓ What a nice surprise! Za What s števno besedo v ednini je potreben a.
Preveri se. Kako rečeš „Rad imam pse“ in „Psi na naši ulici lajajo vso noč“? Je potreben člen v ___ British history? Kako rečeš „Imam dva avta: eden je moder, drugi rdeč“?
prikaži odgovore
Napake govorcev slovenščine
prirejeno za vaš jezikČlena sploh ni
✗ I bought car
✗ She is doctor
✓ I bought a car
She's a doctor. „Kupil sem avto“, „je zdravnica“ — slovenski povedi nič ne manjka, zato se člen zdi okras, ki ga v hitrem govoru lahko izpustiš. A števna beseda v ednini ima člen (ali my, this) vedno.
the pred splošnim pojmom
✗ The life is short → ✓ Life is short. ✗ The money isn't everything → ✓ Money isn't everything. Obratna napaka: pride, ko si the zapomniš, in ga začneš postavljati pred vsako pomembno besedo. Previdno tudi z I like the coffee: poved je pravilna, a pomeni „ta kava mi je všeč — tukaj“, ne „rad imam kavo“.
a z neštevno besedo
✗ a good news, ✗ an information, ✗ a work v pomenu „služba“ → ✓ some good news, some information, a job. Slovenske „novica“, „informacija“ in „delo“ (služba) so števne: „ena novica“, „dve informaciji“, „dobil je novo delo“. V angleščini so news, information, work neštevni, kot tudi advice (B1 #16).
Člen tam, kjer ga po navadi ni
✗ We had a lunch at one → ✓ We had lunch at one. ✗ I go to the bed at eleven → ✓ I go to bed at eleven. „Kosilo“ je v slovenščini navadna števna beseda, in po pravilu „števna ednina — s členom“ se doda a. A obroki in kraji „po namenu“ so ustaljeni primeri brez člena.
another z množino in others pred samostalnikom
✗ another people
✗ others people
✓ other people
Slovenski „drug“ se ujema s samostalnikom — „drug človek“, „drugi ljudje“ —, zato se ponudi another ali others. V angleščini je another samo z ednino (v njem tiči an), others pa stoji brez samostalnika.
Izgovorjava
4 minOba člena sta nenaglašena in skoraj neslišna: a /ə/ — nikoli ne „ej“ in ne polni slovenski „a“; an /ən/.
the pred soglasniškim glasom je /ðə/, pred samoglasniškim — /ði/. Odloča glas, ne črka: the university /ðə ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ — beseda se začne z glasom /j/; the hour /ði ˈaʊə/ — h se ne sliši. Prav tako a university, a an hour (A1 #12).
Člen se zlije z naslednjo besedo: an apple /ənˈæpl/, the end /ðiˈend/.
another in others: /əˈnʌðə/ — naglas na drugem zlogu, začetek šibek, kot pri členu an; /ˈʌðəz/ — zveneča /ð/ in /z/.
Naglašeni the /ðiː/ — samo pri poudarku: He's the expert on this. — „On je tisti, glavni strokovnjak.“ V vseh drugih primerih je the šibek.
Besedilo
5 minBooks are expensive, so I hardly ever buy them. Instead, I go to the library near my office twice a week. It's an old building — it was built in 1910 — and it has two reading rooms. One is for children, and the other is on the first floor. It's the quietest place I know.
The library has a good collection of history books. History was my favourite subject at school, and I still read about the past more than anything else. At the moment I'm reading a book about the Romans in Britain. The book is huge, and I can only keep it for three weeks, so I'm reading it on the train every morning. Next week I'll ask for another three weeks.
The staff are very friendly. There's a librarian called Mr Hughes who always recommends something new. Last month he gave me a novel by a Welsh writer I had never heard of. The novel was strange but beautiful, and I finished it in a weekend.
People say that libraries are dying. I'm not sure that's true. On a Saturday morning the library is full: students, children with their parents, old men reading the newspapers. Some people come to study; others just want a warm, quiet place to sit. Libraries are still the best free places in town.
Vaje
32 min1. Vstavi a, an, the
- I bought new jacket yesterday. jacket is dark blue
- children learn languages faster than adults
- Could you close window, please?
- I don't eat meat, but I eat fish
- We usually go to bed at eleven
- It was best holiday of my life
- My brother plays guitar, and I play tennis
- We go to the cinema twice month
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2. Povezovanje.
- I love dogs.
- Life is short.
- The dogs in our street bark all night.
- The life of a nurse is hard.
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3. Iskanje napak.
- She is teacher at my son's school.
- The life is too short for bad coffee.
- I have a good news for you.
- We had a lunch in a small café.
- You should ask another people about it.
- Can you give me an information about the trains?
- My sister plays the piano and I play the football.
- I usually go to work by the bus.
Prikaži odgovore
4. Prepiši o konkretnem:
- I like coffee. (in this café)
- Children are noisy. (next door)
- Flowers are beautiful. (in your garden)
- History is interesting. (of this town)
- Cheese is expensive. (in this shop)
- Students work hard. (in my class)
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5. Popravi: dodaj manjkajoče člene.
- Man in grey coat is our new teacher.
- I've got idea: let's go to cinema.
- Sun was shining, so we had lunch in garden.
- My brother is engineer and plays guitar in band.
- Moon was very bright last night.
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6. Vstavi another, other, the other, others ali the others.
- This cake is delicious. Can I have piece?
- Some people love working from home; hate it
- I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and lives in Cardiff
- Tom is here, but where are ? The film starts in five minutes
- Don't just ask me — ask people what they think
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7. Prevedi v angleščino.
1) Ne maram kave, ampak kava v tej kavarni je odlična. 2) Moja sestra je zdravnica. 3) Življenje v velikem mestu je drago. 4) Na delo se vozimo z vlakom. 5) To je bil najlepši dan v mojem življenju. 6) Lahko dobim še eno skodelico čaja?
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Povzetek
Obravnavano: tri vprašanja za izbiro člena; od kod poslušalec ve, za katerega gre; a prvič, „eden od“, poklic, twice a week; splošno brez člena proti konkretnemu s the; pridevnik predmeta ne naredi konkretnega; ustaljeni primeri brez člena in vedno s the; another, other, the other, others, the others kot del istega sistema. Sledi lekcija 24: ponavljanje lekcij 19–23.
Konec jedra
Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.
izbirno
Besedišče za kartice
17 besed- library /ˈlaɪbrəri/ knjižnica
- reading room /ˈriːdɪŋ ruːm/ čitalnica
- librarian /laɪˈbreəriən/ knjižničar
- collection /kəˈlekʃn/ zbirka
- subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ šolski predmet
- the past /ðə ˈpɑːst/ preteklost
- huge /hjuːdʒ/ ogromen
- Welsh /welʃ/ valižanski
- government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ vlada
- scarf /skɑːf/ šal
- news /njuːz/ novice
- modern art /ˌmɒdn ˈɑːt/ sodobna umetnost
- the moon /ðə ˈmuːn/ luna
- free /friː/ brezplačen
- another /əˈnʌðə/ drug, še en
- others /ˈʌðəz/ drugi
- the others /ði ˈʌðəz/ ostali
Pisanje
Šest povedi o kraju, kamor pogosto hodiš: knjižnica, kavarna, park, telovadnica. Potrebni so členi vseh treh vrst, vsaj ena splošna trditev brez člena in en another, the other ali others.
Zgled
There's a small park near my flat. I go there every morning before work. The park has a pond and an old bench under a tree. The bench is my favourite place. People often say that parks are boring, but I think nature is the best medicine. In the evening some people come to run, and others just walk their dogs.
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