Gramatika ~59 min jezgre preostalo

Govoriti općenito i o konkretnom

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu svjesno odabrati član — i ondje gdje ga ne smije biti.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 59 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

18 min

Članovi su se pojavljivali od prvih lekcija: a i an (A1 #2), a i the (A1 #14), član uz nazive i go to school (A2 #16). Svaki put — po komadić. Ovdje se slažu u sustav koji rješava gotovo svaki slučaj.

U hrvatskom nema članova, pa se čini da služe za ukras. Nije tako: a car i the car dvije su različite poruke. Prva — „neki auto, za njega još nisi čuo“, druga — „baš taj, znaš koji“.

Tri pitanja — redom.

pitanje ako je odgovor „da“
Zna li slušatelj o kojem je točno predmetu riječ? the
Ne. Je li to jedan brojivi predmet — „neki“, „jedan od“? a / an
Ne. Je li to množina ili nebrojiva imenica, u općenitom smislu? bez člana

Kad slušatelj zna o kojem je točno riječ. Predmet je već spomenut: I bought a jacket and a scarf. The jacket is blue. Jedini je u toj situaciji: Could you close the door?, the kitchen (u ovom stanu), the station (u ovom gradu). Jedan je za sve: the sun, the sea, the government. Određuju ga riječi iza njega: the man in the grey coat, the book I'm reading, the history of Wales.

Kad a ili an. Predmet se spominje prvi put: There's a new café in our street. Jedan je od mnogih: She works in a bank. To je zanimanje ili opis: She's a nurse. It's a lovely day. What a surprise! I u značenju „na, po“: twice a week, £12 an hour.

Općenito protiv konkretnog — glavni par lekcije. U hrvatskom su „knjige“ u „knjige su skupe“ i u „knjige na mom stolu su iz knjižnice“ ista riječ. U engleskom su to dva različita slučaja. O predmetu općenito, o cijeloj vrsti, govori se bez člana — u množini ili s nebrojivom imenicom. O konkretnim predmetima — s the.

općenito — bez člana konkretno — s the
Books are expensive. The books on my desk are from the library.
I like coffee. The coffee in this café is terrible.
Children learn languages fast. The children next door are very loud.
Life is short. The life of a nurse is hard.
Music helps me relax. The music at the wedding was great.

Pridjev ne čini predmet konkretnim: modern art, British history, fresh bread — i dalje općenito, bez člana. A dodatak iza riječi — s of, s in, odnosna rečenica — gotovo uvijek ga čini konkretnim: the art of the Renaissance, the bread you bought. Ali life in London, life in a big city znači život ondje općenito, pa i dalje ostaje bez člana.

Bez člana po navici.

hrana, pića, tvari općenito I don't eat meat.
jezici, školski predmeti, sportovi She speaks German. I play tennis.
obroci We had lunch at one.
prijevoz iza by We went by train.
mjesta prema namjeni (A2 #16) go to work, school, bed; be in hospital
zemlje, gradovi, ulice Spain, Edinburgh, Oxford Street
next, last — gledano od danas next week, last year

Uvijek s the. Superlativ i redni brojevi: the best film, the first time. Riječi the same, the only. Glazbeni instrumenti: play the piano — ali sportovi bez člana: play football. Uobičajena mjesta zabave: go to the cinema, go to the theatre, listen to the radio — ali watch TV. Dijelovi dana: in the morning, in the evening — ali at night. Narod u cjelini: the British, the Romans.

another, the other, others — isti sustav. Hrvatski „drugi“, „još jedan“, „ostali“ u engleskom se dijele na nekoliko oblika. Birati ih pomažu ista tri pitanja kao kod člana: u tim je riječima član ili već sadržan ili ga nema iz istih razloga.

oblik što je unutra značenje primjer
another + jd. an + other još jedan; neki drugi Can I have another coffee?
the other + jd. the + other drugi od dvaju, preostali One shoe is here. Where's the other one?
other + mn. bez člana drugi općenito, neki drugi Other people think differently.
the other + mn. the + other ostali iz poznate skupine Tom is here. The other guests are in the garden.
others bez imenice drugi općenito Some people like it; others don't.
the others bez imenice svi ostali od poznatih Two of us came by car, and the others walked.

another je an + other, zato se piše zajedno i, kao a, znači „jedan od mnogih, bilo koji“. Uz množinu ne stoji; iznimka je s brojem: another two days — „još dva dana“. the other radi kao the: slušatelj zna o kojem je riječ jer je ostao samo on (ili samo oni). other bez člana ispred množine — kao općeniti pojam bez člana: „drugi općenito“, koji točno — nije važno. others i the others znače isto, ali stoje umjesto imenice: nastavak -s dobiva samo riječ koja stoji sama. Zato other people ili samo others, ali ne others people. A the another ne postoji: član je u another već sadržan. each other — „jedan drugoga“ (A2 #24) — zasebna je sveza.

Usporedi:

I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and the other lives in Cardiff. sestre su dvije — zna se koja je druga
I've got three sisters. One lives in York, and the others live in Cardiff. ostale — sve koje su preostale
I've got five sisters. One lives in York, and another lives in Cardiff. još jedna od nekoliko

Kako prevoditi. Hrvatske riječi često same upućuju na član. „Taj“, „onaj“, „baš taj“, „onaj o kojem smo govorili“ — to je the. „Jedan“, „neki“, „nekakav“, „jedan od“ — to je a. Ako se po smislu ne može umetnuti ni jedno ni drugo, a riječ je o predmetima općenito — člana nema. I zapamti: my, your, this, that, Tom's zauzimaju mjesto člana, pa s njim ne stoje — my car, a ne the my car.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ What nice surprise! → ✓ What a nice surprise! Iza What s brojivom imenicom u jednini treba a.

Provjeri se. Kako reći „Volim pse“ i „Psi u našoj ulici laju cijelu noć“? Treba li član u ___ British history? Kako reći „Imam dva auta: jedan je plav, a drugi crven“?

prikaži odgovore
I love dogs — psi općenito, bez člana; The dogs in our street bark all night — konkretni psi; ne treba: pridjev ne čini predmet konkretnim; I've got two cars: one is blue, and the other is red — auta su dva, a drugi je jedini preostali, zato the other.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Član izostaje

✗ I bought car

✗ She is doctor

✓ I bought a car

She's a doctor. Hrvatski nema članova, i a se lako izgubi, osobito u brzom govoru — „kupio sam auto“, „ona je liječnica“. Ali uz brojivu imenicu u jednini član (ili my, this) stoji uvijek.

2

the uz općeniti pojam

✗ The life is short → ✓ Life is short. ✗ The money isn't everything → ✓ Money isn't everything. Obrnuta pogreška: čim se nauči the, stavlja se ispred svake važne riječi. Hrvatski „život“ i „novac“ ne razlikuju općenito od konkretnog, pa se the čini sigurnijim izborom. Oprez i s I like the coffee: rečenica je točna, ali znači „sviđa mi se ova kava — ovdje“, a ne „volim kavu“.

3

a i množina uz nebrojive imenice

✗ a good news, ✗ an information, ✗ a work u značenju „radno mjesto“ → ✓ some good news, some information, a job. Hrvatske „vijest“, „informacija“, „posao“ brojive su: „jedna vijest“, „dvije informacije“, „dva posla“. Odatle i ✗ informations, ✗ advices. Engleski news, information, work nebrojivi su, kao i advice (B1 #16).

4

others ispred imenice i another uz množinu

✗ others people

✗ another people

✓ other people

Hrvatski „drugi“ slaže se s imenicom u broju — „drugi ljudi“, „druge knjige“ — pa i engleski other dobiva množinu. Ali ispred imenice other ostaje bez -s; others stoji samo bez imenice. A another je samo uz jedninu: u njemu je an.

Izgovor

4 min

Oba su člana nenaglašena i jedva se čuju: a /ə/ — nikad /eɪ/, kao ime slova; an /ən/.

the ispred suglasnika — /ðə/, ispred samoglasnika — /ði/. Odlučuje glas, a ne slovo: the university /ðə ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ — riječ počinje glasom /j/; the hour /ði ˈaʊə/ — h se ne čuje. Isto tako a university, ali an hour (A1 #12).

Član se stapa sa sljedećom riječi: an apple /ənˈæpl/, the end /ðiˈend/.

another i others: /əˈnʌðə/ — naglasak na drugom slogu, početak slab, kao u članu an; /ˈʌðəz/ — zvučni /ð/ i /z/.

Naglašeno the /ðiː/ — samo kad se ističe: He's the expert on this. — „On je za to pravi, glavni stručnjak.“ U svim ostalim slučajevima the je slab.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Books are expensive, so I hardly ever buy them. Instead, I go to the library near my office twice a week. It's an old building — it was built in 1910 — and it has two reading rooms. One is for children, and the other is on the first floor. It's the quietest place I know.

The library has a good collection of history books. History was my favourite subject at school, and I still read about the past more than anything else. At the moment I'm reading a book about the Romans in Britain. The book is huge, and I can only keep it for three weeks, so I'm reading it on the train every morning. Next week I'll ask for another three weeks.

The staff are very friendly. There's a librarian called Mr Hughes who always recommends something new. Last month he gave me a novel by a Welsh writer I had never heard of. The novel was strange but beautiful, and I finished it in a weekend.

People say that libraries are dying. I'm not sure that's true. On a Saturday morning the library is full: students, children with their parents, old men reading the newspapers. Some people come to study; others just want a warm, quiet place to sit. Libraries are still the best free places in town.

Vježbe

32 min

1. Umetni a, an, the

  1. I bought new jacket yesterday. jacket is dark blue
  2. children learn languages faster than adults
  3. Could you close window, please?
  4. I don't eat meat, but I eat fish
  5. We usually go to bed at eleven
  6. It was best holiday of my life
  7. My brother plays guitar, and I play tennis
  8. We go to the cinema twice month
Prikaži odgovore
a / The; —; the; — / —; —; the; the / —; a

2. Povezivanje.

  1. I love dogs.
  2. Life is short.
  3. The dogs in our street bark all night.
  4. The life of a nurse is hard.
Prikaži odgovore
općenito — `I love dogs.`, `Life is short.`; konkretno — `The dogs in our street bark all night.`, `The life of a nurse is hard.`

3. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. She is teacher at my son's school.
  2. The life is too short for bad coffee.
  3. I have a good news for you.
  4. We had a lunch in a small café.
  5. You should ask another people about it.
  6. Can you give me an information about the trains?
  7. My sister plays the piano and I play the football.
  8. I usually go to work by the bus.
Prikaži odgovore
She is a teacher at my son's school / She's a teacher at my son's school; Life is too short for bad coffee; I have some good news for you / I've got some good news for you / I have good news for you; We had lunch in a small café; You should ask other people about it / You should ask some other people about it; Can you give me some information about the trains? / Can you give me information about the trains?; My sister plays the piano and I play football; I usually go to work by bus

4. Prepiši o konkretnom:

  1. I like coffee. (in this café)
  2. Children are noisy. (next door)
  3. Flowers are beautiful. (in your garden)
  4. History is interesting. (of this town)
  5. Cheese is expensive. (in this shop)
  6. Students work hard. (in my class)
Prikaži odgovore
I like the coffee in this café; The children next door are noisy; The flowers in your garden are beautiful; The history of this town is interesting; The cheese in this shop is expensive; The students in my class work hard

5. Ispravi: vrati izostavljene članove.

  1. Man in grey coat is our new teacher.
  2. I've got idea: let's go to cinema.
  3. Sun was shining, so we had lunch in garden.
  4. My brother is engineer and plays guitar in band.
  5. Moon was very bright last night.
Prikaži odgovore
The man in the grey coat is our new teacher; I've got an idea: let's go to the cinema; The sun was shining, so we had lunch in the garden; My brother is an engineer and plays the guitar in a band / My brother is an engineer and plays the guitar in the band; The moon was very bright last night

6. Umetni another, other, the other, others ili the others.

  1. This cake is delicious. Can I have piece?
  2. Some people love working from home; hate it
  3. I've got two sisters. One lives in York, and lives in Cardiff
  4. Tom is here, but where are ? The film starts in five minutes
  5. Don't just ask me — ask people what they think
Prikaži odgovore
another; others; the other; the others; other

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Ne volim kavu, ali kava u ovom kafiću je izvrsna. 2) Moja sestra je liječnica. 3) Život u velikom gradu je skup. 4) Na posao idemo vlakom. 5) To je bio najbolji dan u mom životu. 6) Mogu li dobiti još jednu šalicu čaja?

Prikaži odgovore
I don't like coffee, but the coffee in this café is excellent / I don't like coffee, but the coffee in this café is great; My sister is a doctor / My sister's a doctor; Life in a big city is expensive; We go to work by train / We travel to work by train; It was the best day of my life; Could I have another cup of tea? / Can I have another cup of tea?
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: tri pitanja za izbor člana; kako slušatelj zna o kojem je točno riječ; a pri prvom spominjanju, „jedan od“, zanimanje, twice a week; općenito bez člana protiv konkretnog s the; pridjev ne čini predmet konkretnim; ustaljeni slučajevi bez člana i uvijek s the; another, other, the other, others, the others kao dio istog sustava. Slijedi lekcija 24: ponavljanje lekcija 19–23.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 96

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

17 riječi
  • library /ˈlaɪbrəri/ knjižnica
  • reading room /ˈriːdɪŋ ruːm/ čitaonica
  • librarian /laɪˈbreəriən/ knjižničar
  • collection /kəˈlekʃn/ zbirka, kolekcija
  • subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ školski predmet
  • the past /ðə ˈpɑːst/ prošlost
  • huge /hjuːdʒ/ golem, ogroman
  • Welsh /welʃ/ velški
  • government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ vlada
  • scarf /skɑːf/ šal
  • news /njuːz/ vijesti
  • modern art /ˌmɒdn ˈɑːt/ suvremena umjetnost
  • the moon /ðə ˈmuːn/ Mjesec
  • free /friː/ besplatan
  • another /əˈnʌðə/ drugi, još jedan
  • others /ˈʌðəz/ drugi
  • the others /ði ˈʌðəz/ ostali

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o mjestu kamo često ideš: knjižnica, kafić, park, teretana. Trebaju članovi sve tri vrste, barem jedna općenita tvrdnja bez člana i jedno another, the other ili others.

Uzorak

There's a small park near my flat. I go there every morning before work. The park has a pond and an old bench under a tree. The bench is my favourite place. People often say that parks are boring, but I think nature is the best medicine. In the evening some people come to run, and others just walk their dogs.

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