通过构词猜出生词的意思
能根据前缀和后缀猜出生词的意思,也能自己构成需要的词形。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
16 分钟B1 水平的课文里,很多生词其实是熟词:只是加上了前缀或者后缀。unemployment 就是 employ(“雇用”)左边加上 un-(“不”),右边加上 -ment(把动词变成名词):“失业”。只要认识二十来个前缀和后缀,这样的词不查词典也能看懂,需要的词形也能自己构成。汉语也有类似的构词成分:“不完整”“可读”“无用”“读者”。英语的前缀和后缀道理一样,只是数量更多,有时还会改变拼写。
怎样分析一个词。 先找词根——认识的那部分。然后看前缀:它改变意思。再看后缀:它改变词性,把动词变成名词,把名词变成形容词。最后一步——根据句子的意思检验你的猜测。
前缀改变意思。 词性不变。
英语的否定前缀有好几个,汉语的“不”“非”“无”可能对应其中任何一个:
| 前缀 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| un- | happy → unhappy, clear → unclear, able → unable |
| in- | correct → incorrect, complete → incomplete |
| im-——在 p 和 m 前面 | possible → impossible, polite → impolite |
| il-——在 l 前面 | legal → illegal |
| ir-——在 r 前面 | regular → irregular, responsible → irresponsible |
| dis- | agree → disagree, like → dislike, honest → dishonest |
un- 最常用,尤其是在以 -able、-ful 和 -ed 结尾的词前面:unbelievable,unhelpful, unexpected。in- 和它的变体 im-、il-、ir- 多用在来自拉丁语的词前面,这样的词往往比较正式: incorrect——“不正确的”,irregular——“不规则的”。前缀的最后一个字母随着词的第一个字母变化,这样读起来更顺口。用哪个前缀没有可靠的规则,所以否定形式要和词一起记。
用在动词前面,un- 表示相反的动作:lock——unlock(开锁),pack——unpack(打开行李),do—— undo(撤销,解开)。
其他常见的前缀:
| 前缀 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| re- | 再,重新 | write → rewrite, open → reopen |
| mis- | 错 | understand → misunderstand, spell → misspell |
| over- | 过度 | sleep → oversleep, cooked → overcooked |
| under- | 不足 | paid → underpaid, cooked → undercooked |
| ex- | 前任的 | boss → ex-boss, wife → ex-wife |
这几个前缀和汉语的构词成分很像:rewrite——“重写”,misunderstand——“误解”,ex-wife——“前妻”。
后缀改变词性。
| 构成什么 | 后缀 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 由动词构成的名词 | -ment, -tion, -sion, -ance | agreement, information, decision, performance |
| 由形容词构成的名词 | -ness, -ity | kindness, happiness, possibility |
| 人 | -er, -or, -ist, -ee | driver, visitor, scientist, employee |
| 形容词 | -ful, -less, -able, -al, -ous, -ive | useful, useless, washable, natural, dangerous, attractive |
| 动词 | -ise, -en | realise, organise, shorten |
| 副词 | -ly | carefully, easily |
有几个后缀的意思很清楚。-ful——“充满……的”,-less——“没有”,像汉语的“无”:useful——有用的, useless——没用的;careful——小心的,careless——粗心的。-able——“可以”,像汉语的“可”:washable—— “可以水洗的”,readable——“好读的”。-er 是做事的人,-ee 是承受动作的人:employer——雇主, employee——雇员。
英式英语的动词通常以 -ise 结尾:realise,organise,apologise。以 -ize 结尾的写法在英国的书里也能见到,而美式英语只用这一种。
词族。 一个词根能长出一整个家族,认识了词根,整个家族就都能看懂:
care → careful → carefully → careless → carelessly → carelessness
employ → employer → employee → employment → unemployed → unemployment
比较一下。 带 -ful 和 -less 的一对词,意思不一定正好相反:
| He was very helpful. | 他帮了很大的忙。 |
| He was unhelpful. | 他不肯帮忙。 |
| He was helpless. | 他无能为力。 |
helpful 的反义词是 unhelpful,而 helpless 说的是另一回事。按部分分析只能给你一个猜测,意思要根据句子来检验。
连接处的拼写。 加后缀时,词的写法按四条规则变化:
- 辅音字母后面的 y 变成 i:happy → happiness,easy → easily,beauty → beautiful;
- 不发音的 e 在以元音开头的后缀前面去掉,在以辅音开头的后缀前面保留:use → usable,但 useful;create → creation;
- 重读的短音节,最后一个辅音字母在以元音开头的后缀前面双写:begin → beginner,win → winner,run → runner;
- -ful 只有一个 l:careful,beautiful。副词里有两个 l,因为它是 careful + -ly:carefully。
前缀不会吃掉字母:un + necessary = unnecessary(两个 n),mis + spell = misspell(两个 s),dis + satisfied = dissatisfied。
重音。 后缀 -tion、-sion、-ity、-ic 把重音吸引到紧挨着它们的前一个音节上:
| educate → education | 重音移到了第三个音节 |
| possible → possibility | 从第一个移到第三个 |
| photograph → photographic | 从第一个移到第三个 |
| economy → economic | 从第二个移到第三个 |
| politics → political | 从第一个移到第二个 |
后缀 -ment、-ness、-ful、-less、-er、-ly 不改变重音:employ → employment, happy → happiness。例外是 photograph 这一家:photographer,photography。后缀 -ee 通常自己带重音:trainee,interviewee;但 employee 更常读成 employee。前缀通常不重读:unhappy,impossible。
不能这样说。 ✗ unhonest → ✓ dishonest。✗ unregular → ✓ irregular。否定前缀是固定在词上的, un- 并不是到处都能用。
自我检测。 unbreakable 是什么意思?用 kind 和 decide 构成名词。possibility 的重音在第几个音节?
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中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写一个 un- 用在所有的词前面。
✗ unpossible,✗ unregular,✗ unhonest → ✓ impossible, irregular,dishonest。汉语的“不”几乎能放在任何形容词前面:“不可能”“不规则”“不诚实”,于是 un- 也被当成了万能的“不”。英语的否定前缀跟着词走,只能和词一起记。
用错词性。
✗ There's a big different between them → ✓ There's a big difference between them。✗ She drove very careful → ✓ She drove very carefully。汉语的词形不随词性变化:“有很大的不同”和“很不同”是同一个“不同”;“小心”也能直接放在动词前面:“小心开车”。英语的词性靠后缀表示, different 和 difference 只差最后一个音节,可这个音节不能丢。
连接处的拼写。
✗ carefull,✗ begining,✗ unecessary → ✓ careful,beginning, unnecessary。汉字组成词的时候,每个字的写法都不变,所以没有注意连接处的习惯。英语的字母在连接处会去掉、双写或者改变,规则见上文。
派生词沿用原词的重音,每个音节都读满。
✗ photographer 读成 /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːfə/ → ✓ /fəˈtɒɡrəfə/。汉语里大多数音节都读得清楚完整,所以长词常常被一个音节一个音节地读满,重音也留在原词的位置。要按后缀的规则找重音,不重读的元音读成 /ə/。
发音
4 分钟重音移动的时候,元音也跟着变。 英语里不重读的元音弱化成 /ə/,重读的元音读得完整:photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/——photographer /fəˈtɒɡrəfə/——photographic /ˌfəʊtəˈɡræfɪk/。第一个 o 原来是 /əʊ/,变成了 /ə/;第二个原来是 /ə/,变成了 /ɒ/。把整个词族大声读出来:POlitics——poLItical,eCONomy—— ecoNOMic。
-tion 读 /ʃn/,元音后面的 -sion 读 /ʒn/: education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/,decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/。不要照着字母一个一个地读。
-ous 读 /əs/,-able 读 /əbl/,-ful 读 /fl/: dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/,comfortable /ˈkʌmftəbl/,useful /ˈjuːsfl/。这些后缀不重读,读得又短又轻。
课文
5 分钟My first week at the new office was a little disorganised. On Monday morning my manager gave me a list of instructions, but some of them were unclear, and I misunderstood the very first one. I was supposed to reorganise the files on our shared drive. Instead, I deleted a folder that looked unnecessary. It wasn't.
For an hour nobody in the department was able to open their reports. I went to my manager and apologised for my carelessness. Luckily, she was very understanding. "It's not a disaster," she said. "Mistakes like this are almost unavoidable in your first week. The information on our website is incomplete, and that's our fault, not yours."
Our IT specialist, a cheerful young man called Raj, brought the folder back in ten minutes. Then the two of us rewrote the instructions together. We added a short description of every folder, removed the useless parts and checked everything twice. The new version is short, clear and readable, and the next newcomer won't make my mistake.
Raj was helpful from the start. He's also extremely patient — a useful quality in an office full of beginners like me.
练习
35 分钟1. 改写成相反的意思:
- It's possible to park near the station.
- I think your answer is correct.
- In this country it's legal to drive at seventeen.
- My working hours are regular.
- I agree with you.
- He's an honest man.
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2. 用括号里的词构成
- Thank you for your (kind)
- It was a difficult (decide), but I took the job
- Is there a big (different) between the two plans?
- This sofa is very (comfort)
- She drove (careful) along the icy road
- My brother is a (science) at a university in Edinburgh
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3. 改写:
- The instructions were not clear.
- I understood him wrongly.
- We have to write the report again.
- She slept too long and missed the train.
- Nurses are not paid enough.
- This old phone is of no use.
- My former boss called me yesterday.
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4. 找出错误并改正。
- There's a big different between the two hotels.
- He is very carefully with money.
- I made a carefull list of everything.
- The meeting was completely unecessary.
- Everyone was very helpless — they showed me everything.
- It's a very unusual and unpolite question.
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5. 配对。
- photograph
- photographer
- economic
- responsibility
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6. 把单词分成几个部分
,说出它的意思。 1) unbreakable 2) rethink 3) homeless 4) overworked
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7. 译成英语。
1) 我不同意你的看法。 2) 那份说明既不完整,也不清楚。 3) 谢谢——您帮了大忙。 4) 他睡过头了,上班迟到了。 5) 城里的失业率在上升。
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小结
本课已学:怎样分析一个词,六个否定前缀和动词前面的 un-,re-、mis-、over-、under-、ex-,六组后缀,英式的 -ise,同根词组成的词族,连接处的四条拼写规则,重音的移动。下一课——第30课:复习第25–29课。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
18 词- unclear /ʌnˈklɪə/ 不清楚的,含糊的
- misunderstand /ˌmɪsʌndəˈstænd/ 误解,误会
- unnecessary /ʌnˈnesəsəri/ 不必要的
- carelessness /ˈkeələsnəs/ 粗心,疏忽
- incomplete /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt/ 不完整的
- unavoidable /ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/ 不可避免的
- disorganised /dɪsˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ 杂乱无章的,没有条理的
- description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ 描述,说明
- useless /ˈjuːsləs/ 没用的,无用的
- helpful /ˈhelpfl/ 乐于助人的,有帮助的
- patient /ˈpeɪʃnt/ 有耐心的
- cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/ 开朗的,快活的
- employer /ɪmˈplɔɪə/ 雇主
- employee /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/ 雇员,员工
- unemployment /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ 失业
- oversleep /ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/ 睡过头
- underpaid /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/ 工资过低的
- newcomer /ˈnjuːkʌmə/ 新来的人,新手
写作
写六个句子,讲一次出了岔子的经历:在工作上、旅行中或者家里。至少用五个带前缀或者后缀的词,其中一个是以 -ness 或者 -ment 结尾的名词。
范例: Last year I misunderstood an email from my landlord. The message was unclear, and I thought the rent was unchanged. It wasn't. The disagreement lasted a week. I felt embarrassed and apologised for my carelessness. Now I reread every important email twice.
检查清单:前缀和这个词配吗?后缀构成的是需要的词性吗?连接处:y 变成 i 了吗?辅音字母双写了吗?-ful 里只有一个 l 吗?