Gramatika ~59 min ng core ang natitira

Makiusap sa iba — o gawin ito nang mag-isa

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong makiusap o pilitin ang isang tao na gumawa ng isang bagay, at sabihing kaya kong gawin ito nang mag-isa.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 59 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

18 min

Sa Tagalog, kapag ang gusto ninyo ay tungkol sa ibang tao, may sariling gumagawa ang ikalawang pandiwa: “Gusto kong tawagan mo ako.” Sa Ingles, walang ganitong clause pagkatapos ng want, at walang that dito. Sa halip — ang tao at to + pandiwa: I want you to call me. Kilala na ninyo ang modelong ito mula sa pag-uulat: asked me to wait (B1 #15), advised me to rest (B1 #16). Dito, idinadagdag sa modelong ito ang mga pandiwa ng pagnanais at pag-asa.

“Gusto kong gawin mo”: pandiwa + sino + to + pandiwa.

I want you to call me tonight. Gusto kong tawagan mo ako mamayang gabi.
My parents wanted me to become a doctor. Gusto ng mga magulang ko na maging doktor ako.
I'd like you to meet my sister. Gusto kong makilala ninyo ang kapatid kong babae.
Would you like me to help? Gusto ba ninyong tumulong ako?
We expect everyone to be on time. Inaasahan naming darating ang lahat sa oras.
I need you to sign here, please. Kailangang pumirma kayo rito, pakiusap.
She doesn't want us to worry. Ayaw niyang mag-alala kami.

Pagkatapos ng pandiwa, nasa anyong layon ang panghalip: me, you, him, her, us, them. Karaniwang sa want inilalagay ang negasyon: mas natural ang I don't want you to go kaysa I want you not to go. Ang Would you like me to…? ay magalang na alok ng tulong — “gusto ba ninyong ako na ang…?” —, katabi ng Shall I…? (A2 #12).

Pilitin, payagan, tulungan: make, let, help. Pagkatapos ng make at let, ang pandiwa ay walang to, gaya ng pagkatapos ng pandiwang modal. Pagkatapos ng help — kung alin ang mas maginhawa: may to o wala.

The teacher made us rewrite the essay. Pinilit kami ng guro na isulat muli ang sanaysay.
That film always makes me cry. Lagi akong napapaiyak ng pelikulang iyon.
My parents let me stay up late at weekends. Pinapayagan ako noon ng mga magulang ko na magpuyat tuwing weekend.
Let me help you. Tulungan ko na kayo.
Can you help me carry these boxes? Matutulungan mo ba akong buhatin ang mga kahong ito? (= help me to carry)

make — pilitin sa pamamagitan ng kapangyarihan o ng sitwasyon; puwede ring “pumilit” ang isang bagay: pelikula, panahon, ingay. let — payagan, hindi pigilan. Kilala ninyo ito mula sa Let's (A1 #16): ang Let's go ay let us go, “hayaan mo kaming pumunta”.

get + sino + to — makumbinsi, mapapayag. Napakadalas na anyo sa usapang British: I'll get Tom to fix it. — “Ipapaayos ko ito kay Tom”. I couldn't get him to listen. — “Hindi ko siya napilit na makinig”. Hindi tulad ng make, may to ang get.

Paghambingin — parehong kahulugan, pero ibang anyo:

They let us leave early. walang to
They allowed us to leave early. allow — parehong “payagan”, pero may to, mas pormal

Sa tinig na balintiyak, nagkakaroon ng to ang make: We were made to wait for an hour. — “Pinaghintay kami nang isang oras”. Walang tinig na balintiyak ang let; sa halip nito — ang be allowed to mula sa B1 #11: We were allowed to leave early. — “Pinayagan kaming umalis nang maaga”. Kaya may pares: They let us leave early — We were allowed to leave early.

Mga panghalip na may -self — “sarili” at “mismo”.

I — myself we — ourselves
you — yourself you — yourselves (para sa ilang tao)
he — himself, she — herself, it — itself they — themselves

Tatlo ang gamit nila.

Nakatuon sa sarili ang kilos — “ang sarili ko”, o pandiwang tungkol sa sarili: I cut myself. — “Nahiwa ako”. Did you hurt yourself? — “Nasaktan ka ba?”. She taught herself Italian. — “Siya mismo ang nagturo sa sarili niya ng Italian”. At dalawang magalang na pormula: Help yourself! — “Kumuha lang kayo!”, Enjoy yourselves! — “Magsaya kayo!”.

“Mismo”, hindi ibang tao — para bigyang-diin, sa dulo ng pangungusap o kasunod agad ng pangngalan: I'll do it myself. — “Ako mismo ang gagawa”. Did you make this cake yourself? The town itself is small, but the beaches are beautiful. — “Maliit ang bayan mismo…”.

by myself — “mag-isa; nang walang tulong”: I live by myself. — “Mag-isa akong nakatira”. She built the website by herself. Ganito rin ang kahulugan ng on my own: I did it on my own.

Maraming pandiwa tungkol sa sarili ang walang panghalip sa Ingles: wash — maghugas, maligo, get dressed — magbihis, relax — mag-relax, feel — makaramdam, worry — mag-alala, meet — magkita, hurry — magmadali. Gaya sa Tagalog: “nagbihis ako”, hindi “binihisan ko ang sarili ko”. Inilalagay lang ang myself kapag talagang nakatuon sa sarili ang kilos at mahalaga ito: I cut myself, pero I washed and got dressed.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ I want he to come → ✓ I want him to come. Pagkatapos ng want — anyong layon: him, hindi he.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano sasabihin ang “Gusto ba ninyong tulungan ko kayo?” Ano ang mali sa She let me to use her car? Paano sasabihin ang “Ako mismo ang nag-ayos ng bisikleta”?

ipakita ang mga sagot
Would you like me to help you?; walang to ang pandiwa pagkatapos ng let: She let me use her car; I fixed the bike myself o I repaired the bike myself.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

to pagkatapos ng make at let

✗ He made me to wait → ✓ He made me wait. ✗ My parents didn't let me to go out → ✓ My parents didn't let me go out. Ang “payagan” ay mas malapit sa allow, at halos lahat ng pandiwa sa modelong ito ay may to — want me to, ask me to, allow me to. Kaya inaayon din sa kanila ang make at let. Tandaan ang dalawang ito bilang eksepsiyon.

2

him at her, himself at herself

✗ Anna taught himself Italian

✓ Anna taught herself Italian

Iisa ang “siya” at “sarili niya” sa Tagalog para sa lalaki at babae, kaya madaling madulas. Sa Ingles, kailangang pumili: babae — her, herself; lalaki — him, himself.

3

enjoy na walang layon

✗ We enjoyed at the party

✓ We enjoyed ourselves at the party

o We enjoyed the party. Buo na ang “nag-enjoy kami” sa Taglish. Sa Ingles, sa pangungusap, kailangang sabihin ng enjoy kung ano ang ikinasaya: isang bagay o ang -self, gaya ng Enjoy yourselves!

Pagbigkas

4 min

Walang diin at umiikli ang panghalip sa pagitan ng dalawang pandiwa:

want him to /ˈwɒnt ɪm tə/
made her wait /ˈmeɪd ə ˈweɪt/
let me help /ˈlet mi ˈhelp/

Nawawala ang unang /h/ sa him, her sa gitna ng pangungusap — normal ito, hindi kapabayaan. May diin ang dalawang pandiwa; dumudulas lang ang panghalip sa pagitan nila.

Sa panghalip na may -self, nasa -self ang diin: myself /maɪˈself/, yourself /jɔːˈself/, themselves /ðəmˈselvz/, ourselves /ˌaʊəˈselvz/. Kapag “mismo” ang kahulugan, binibigyang-diin pa ito ng boses: I'll do it mySELF.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

My first job was in a small café in Brighton when I was seventeen. The owner, Mrs Price, was very strict. She made us wear a white shirt every day, and she never let us use our phones behind the counter. She expected everyone to arrive ten minutes early, and if you were late, she made you stay ten minutes longer.

In the first week she wanted me to wash the dishes and nothing else. I was bored, so I asked her to let me make the coffee. "Not yet," she said. "I want you to watch Sam first." Sam was the oldest waiter, and he helped me learn everything: how to use the coffee machine, how to carry three plates at once, how to talk to difficult customers.

By the end of the summer I could run the café by myself on quiet afternoons. Once I burnt myself on the coffee machine, but I didn't tell anyone — I just held my hand under cold water and carried on.

On my last day Mrs Price made me a cake herself. "You've taught yourself a lot," she said. "Would you like me to write you a reference?" I still have it.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

32 min

1. Pagsasaayos ng mga salita.

  1. I / want / you / call me tonight
  2. my boss / expect / us / work on Saturdays
  3. would / you / like / me / help you
  4. my parents / not want / me / become an actor (nakaraan)
  5. the teacher / make / us / rewrite the essay (nakaraan)
  6. they / let / the children / play in the garden (nakaraan)
  7. can / you / help / me / carry this box
  8. I / get / my brother / fix my bike (hinaharap)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I want you to call me tonight.; My boss expects us to work on Saturdays.; Would you like me to help you?; My parents didn't want me to become an actor.; The teacher made us rewrite the essay.; They let the children play in the garden.; Can you help me carry this box? / Can you help me to carry this box?; I'll get my brother to fix my bike. / I will get my brother to fix my bike.

2. Ilagay ang to

  1. She made me apologise
  2. I'd like you meet my parents
  3. Let me explain
  4. We expect you be here at nine
  5. The film made everyone laugh
  6. I finally got him agree
  7. We weren't allowed take photos
  8. He helped me move the sofa
Ipakita ang mga sagot
—; to; —; to; —; to; to; — / to

3. Ilagay ang panghalip na may -self.

  1. Be careful with that knife — don't cut
  2. Did you paint the kitchen ?
  3. We really enjoyed at the party
  4. She taught to play the guitar
  5. The children made the cake by
  6. The town isn't very interesting, but the beaches are beautiful
Ipakita ang mga sagot
yourself; yourself / yourselves; ourselves; herself; themselves; itself

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. I want that you help me.
  2. My parents didn't let me to go out.
  3. He made me to wait for an hour.
  4. We enjoyed a lot at the party.
  5. Would you like that I open the window?
  6. My sister built the website by himself.
  7. We were let to leave early.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I want you to help me; My parents didn't let me go out; He made me wait for an hour; We enjoyed ourselves a lot at the party / We enjoyed the party a lot; Would you like me to open the window?; My sister built the website by herself / My sister built the website on her own; We were allowed to leave early

5. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Gusto kong malaman mo ang totoo. 2) Gusto ba ninyong ihatid ko kayo? 3) Pinilit kami ng guro na isaulo ang tula. 4) Hindi ako pinapayagan noon ng mga magulang ko na manood ng TV tuwing gabi. 5) Ako mismo ang gumawa ng lahat. 6) Sige, kumuha lang kayo!

Ipakita ang mga sagot
I want you to know the truth; Would you like me to give you a lift? / Would you like me to drive you?; The teacher made us learn the poem by heart; My parents didn't let me watch TV in the evenings / My parents didn't allow me to watch TV in the evenings / My parents didn't let me watch television in the evenings; I did everything myself / I did it all myself / I did everything by myself / I did everything on my own; Help yourself! / Help yourselves!

6. Ikuwento ang tungkol sa inyong sarili

sa tatlong pangungusap. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) Ano ang pinagagawa sa inyo noong bata kayo? 2) Ano ang pinapayagan kayong gawin? 3) Ano ang natutuhan ninyo nang mag-isa?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
My parents made me practise the piano every day; They let me stay at my friends' houses at weekends; I taught myself to cook
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: want, would like, expect, need + sino + to; Would you like me to…?; make, let na walang to, help na may to at wala; get + sino + to; allow at be allowed to, was made to; walong panghalip na may -self, by myself at on my own; mga pandiwang tungkol sa sarili na walang myself. Susunod — aralin 23: ang mga pantukoy bilang sistema.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 95

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

15 salita
  • expect /ɪkˈspekt/ asahan, umasa
  • allow /əˈlaʊ/ payagan
  • myself /maɪˈself/ ang sarili ko; ako mismo
  • by myself /baɪ maɪˈself/ mag-isa, nang walang tulong
  • on my own /ɒn maɪ ˈəʊn/ nang mag-isa, sa sariling sikap
  • help yourself /ˌhelp jɔːˈself/ kumuha lang kayo (ng pagkain)
  • get dressed /ˌɡet ˈdrest/ magbihis
  • teach yourself /ˌtiːtʃ jɔːˈself/ matuto nang mag-isa
  • strict /strɪkt/ istrikto, mahigpit
  • counter /ˈkaʊntə/ counter, patungan sa tindahan
  • customer /ˈkʌstəmə/ kostumer, mamimili
  • burn /bɜːn/ mapaso, masunog
  • carry on /ˌkæri ˈɒn/ magpatuloy
  • reference /ˈrefrəns/ rekomendasyon (mula sa trabaho)
  • by heart /baɪ ˈhɑːt/ nang saulo

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap tungkol sa una ninyong trabaho o sa paaralan: ano ang gusto at inaasahan sa inyo, ano ang pinagagawa sa inyo, ano ang pinapayagan, at ano ang natutuhan ninyo nang mag-isa.

Halimbawa

At my first job, my manager expected me to answer every email the same day. She made me write reports every Friday, but she let me work from home on Mondays. She didn't let us eat at our desks, and she made everyone switch off their phones in meetings. She wanted me to learn the new software quickly, so I taught myself in the evenings. A colleague offered to help, but I wanted to do it on my own. In the end I could do most things by myself.

Checklist

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Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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